Figure 1.

Protective effects of chrysoeriol (CHE) against H₂O₂-induced cytotoxicity in ARPE-19 cells. (A) Schematic drawing of the structures of the CHE complexes. (B) Cells were treated with CHE (2.5–40 μM) or 0.1% DMSO (vehicle control) for 24–72 h, and the cell viability was measured. (C) Cells were treated with H₂O₂ (0.125–2 mM) for 24 h, and the cell viability was measured. (D) Cells were pre-treated with CHE at the indicated concentrations or 0.1% DMSO (vehicle control) for 2 h and then incubated with or without 500 μM H₂O₂ for 24 h. N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC, 4 mM) was used as an antioxidant control. Cell viability was measured via the CCK-8 assay (B, C, and D). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, versus the control group; ## p < 0.01, ### p < 0.001, versus the H₂O₂-treated group.