Figure 4.

(A) CHE attenuated H₂O₂-induced mitochondrial membrane potential loss. After pre-treatment with 2.5 or 5 μM CHE for 2 h, ARPE-19 cells were incubated with or without 500 μM H₂O₂ for an additional 24 h. Red/green fluorescence intensity was quantified via the JC-10 assay (A). Carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP, 40 μM) and N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC, 4 mM) were used as positive and antioxidant controls, respectively. CHE upregulated the expression of replication genes (B), oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) target genes (C), and mitochondrial dynamics genes (D) in ARPE-19 cells. Relative gene expression of the replication genes (B), OXPHOS genes (C), and mitochondrial dynamic genes (D) in ARPE-19 cells treated for 2 h with 2.5 or 5 μM CHE and then incubated with or without 500 μM H₂O₂ for an additional 24 h. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, versus control group; # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01, ### p < 0.001, versus the H₂O₂-treated group.