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The plasma levels of indoxyl sulfate and p-cresol sulfate of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) patients are significantly higher than healthy controls (HC) (panels (A,B,D,E)). The fecal level of a microbial metabolite, indole, tends to be higher in ESKD patients, but the difference did not achieve statistical significance (panel (C)). * p < 0.05.
