Table 4.
Risk of Bias assessment of included studies using the Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies, NIH.
| Study | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | Q6 | Q7 * | Q8 | Q9 | Q10 | Q11 | Q12 | Q13 | Q14 | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ahmad 2013 [47] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | N/A | 1 | 1 | 11 |
| Ahmed 2011 [44] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | N/A | 0 | 1 | 8 |
| Baco 2014 [33] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | N/A | 1 | 0 | 9 |
| Berge 2010 [36] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | N/A | 1 | 0 | 9 |
| Berge 2011 [46] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 10 |
| Bomers 2020 [58] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | N/A | 1 | 1 | 10 |
| Clarke 2007 [38] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | N/A | 1 | 1 | 9 |
| Crook 2019 [43] | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | N/A | 1 | 1 | 10 |
| Crouzet 2012 [34] | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | N/A | 1 | 1 | 9 |
| Crouzet 2017 [45] | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | N/A | 1 | 1 | 9 |
| De castro Abreu 2013 [51] | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | N/A | 1 | 0 | 8 |
| Devos 2019 (HIFU) [41] | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | N/A | 1 | 0 | 8 |
| Devos 2019 (RP) [41] | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | N/A | 0 | 1 | N/A | 1 | 0 | 7 |
| Donnelly 2005 [28] | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | N/A | 1 | 0 | 7 |
| Hostiou 2019 [35] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | N/A | 1 | 1 | 11 |
| Ismail 2007 [37] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | N/A | 1 | 1 | 10 |
| Jones 2018 [31] | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | N/A | 1 | 0 | 8 |
| Kanthabalan 2017 [57] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | N/A | 0 | 1 | 10 |
| Kollmeier 2017 [55] | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | N/A | 1 | 1 | 8 |
| Li 2014 [50] | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | N/A | 1 | 1 | 8 |
| Li 2015 [48] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | N/A | 1 | 1 | 10 |
| Lopez 2019 [54] | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | N/A | 1 | 1 | 11 |
| Mohler 2019 [26] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | N/A | N/A | 0 | 0 | N/A | 1 | 0 | 7 |
| Murat 2009 [42] | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | N/A | 1 | 1 | 9 |
| NG 2007 [53] | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | N/A | 1 | 1 | 8 |
| Pisters 2008 [52] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | N/A | 0 | 0 | 8 |
| Robinson 2006 [39] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | N/A | 1 | 0 | 9 |
| Safavy 2019 [60] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | N/A | 1 | 0 | 10 |
| Seabra 2009 [27] | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | N/A | N/A | 0 | 0 | N/A | 1 | 0 | 6 |
| Shah 2016 [32] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | N/A | 0 | 1 | 10 |
| Siddiqui 2015 [56] | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | N/A | 1 | 0 | 7 |
| Siddiqui 2016 [49] | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | N/A | 1 | 1 | 9 |
| Tan 2020 [59] | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | N/A | 1 | 1 | 10 |
| Van Son 2020 [29] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | N/A | 1 | 1 | 10 |
| Ward 2005 [40] | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | N/A | N/A | 0 | 1 | N/A | 1 | 1 | 8 |
| Yamada 2014 [30] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | N/A | 1 | 0 | 9 |
*: a median postoperative follow-up period of 24 months was considered adequate.