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. 2021 Jan 9;11(1):153. doi: 10.3390/nano11010153

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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A variety of functionalization methods can be achieved through covalent surface modification of NDs surface based on the initial surface group on the homogenized NDs surface [58,81,82,83,84,85]. (A) Carboxylic acid coupling to amines or alcohols. (B) Hydroxyl group initiated functionalization. (C) Substitution based coupling with halogenated NDs. (D) Amine coupling to NHS esters or Carboxylic acids. (E) Generation of robust carbon–carbon single bonds from hydrogenated ND. (F) Polymer coating by direct polymerization reaction on ND surface (left, grafted from), or coupling of fully synthesized polymer to ND surface (right, grafted to) [86,87].