Table 2.
Physical and biochemical characteristics, liver histology, and genetic characteristics of the participants without (FIB−) and with (FIB+) NAFLD-fibrosis, and univariable analysis to predict NAFLD-fibrosis.
| NAFLD-Fibrosis | OR (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| No (FIB−, n = 48) | Yes (FIB+, n = 46) | ||
| Physical characteristics | |||
| Age (years) | 49 (42–56) | 53 (44–57) | 1.03 (0.98–1.08) |
| Sex (female) | 42 (88%) | 32 (70%) * | 0.29 (0.10–0.91) * |
| Weight (kg) | 109 ± 3 | 116 ± 3 | 1.03 (0.98–1.08) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 39.1 ± 0.8 | 40.3 ± 0.7 | 1.04 (0.96–1.13) |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.91 ± 0.02 | 0.97 ± 0.02 * | 1.06 (1.01–1.11) ** |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 124 ± 2 | 125 ± 1.9 | 1.01 (0.98–1.04) |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 79 (72–85) | 77 (74–85) | 1.00 (0.95–1.04) |
| Biochemical characteristics | |||
| fP-glucose (mol/L) | 5.7 ± 0.1 | 5.9 ± 0.1 | 1.41 (0.81–2.47) |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 35 (33–37) | 38 (34–45) ** | 1.14 (1.04–1.24) ** |
| fS-insulin (mU/L) | 8.7 (6.2–10.8) | 12.7 (7.6–17.9) *** | 1.12 (1.04–1.21) ** |
| HOMA-IR | 2.2 (1.6–2.9) | 4.2 (2.2–4.9) *** | 1.56 (1.18–2.07) ** |
| S-ALT (U/L) | 24 (18–41) | 30 (22–39) | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) |
| S-AST (U/L) | 25 (22–31) | 27 (23–33) | 1.03 (0.99–1.08) |
| AST/ALT-ratio | 1.06 (0.72–1.29) | 0.96 (0.81–1.13) | 0.75 (0.34–1.64) |
| P-GGT (U/L) | 21 (15–34) | 28 (20–51) * | 1.01 (1.00–1.03) |
| P-Albumin (g/L) | 38.0 ± 0.3 | 38.9 ± 0.4 | 1.18 (0.99–1.40) |
| Platelet count (×109/L) | 259 (217–288) | 260 (231–288) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) |
| fP-Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 0.93 (0.80–1.20) | 1.12 (0.87–1.42) * | 4.62 (1.43–14.94) * |
| fP-HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.21 (1.05–1.46) | 1.13 (0.96–1.36) | 0.27 (0.06–1.22) |
| fP-LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.4 (2.1–3.1) | 2.2 (1.9–2.9) | 0.87 (0.57–1.31) |
| Lipid medication (yes) | 11 (23%) | 14 (30%) | 1.47 (0.59–3.70) |
| Metabolic syndrome (yes) | 23 (48%) | 33 (72%) * | 2.46 (1.04–5.80) * |
| Type 2 diabetes (yes) | 12 (25%) | 22 (48%) * | 2.86 (1.17–7.00) * |
| Glucose-lowering medication (yes) | 11 (23%) | 20 (43%) * | 2.59 (1.06–6.30) * |
| Liver histology | |||
| Macrovesicular steatosis (%) | 0 (0–5) | 10 (0–20) *** | |
| Ballooning (0/1/2) | 48/0/0 | 39/4/3 ** | |
| Inflammation (0/1/2) | 47/1/0 | 38/8/0 * | |
| Grade of activity (0/1/2/3) | 47/1/0/0 | 38/1/4/3 * | |
| Stage of fibrosis (0/1/2/3/4) | 48/0/0/0/0 | 0/39/6/1/0 *** | |
| Genetic characteristics | |||
| PNPLA3 (CC/CG/GG) | 35/12/0 | 25/16/3 * | 2.22 (0.91–5.34) |
| TM6SF2 (CC/CT/TT) | 40/7/0 | 37/7/0 | 0.93 (0.32–2.70) |
| MBOAT7 (CC/CT/TT) | 21/18/7 | 13/19/12 | 2.00 (0.85–4.57) |
| HSD17B13 (--/-A/AA) | 32/14/1 | 31/10/3 | 0.75 (0.36–2.11) |
| Genetic risk score (0/1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8) | 0/4/17/14/11/0/0/0/0 | 0/3/8/11/15/6/1/0/0 ** | 1.79 (1.18–2.70) ** |
Data are shown as mean ± SEM, median (25th–75th percentile) or n (%), as appropriate. Odds ratios are calculated per unit or number, except for waist-to-hip ratio (per 0.01). * p ≤ 0.05, ** p ≤ 0.01, *** p ≤ 0.001 for differences between groups or for odds ratio. Abbreviations: ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; FFA, free fatty acids; fP, fasting plasma; fS, fasting serum; GGT, γ-glutamyl-transferase; HbA1C, glycosylated hemoglobin A1C; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; HSD17B1, 17-β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; MBOAT7, membrane bound O-acyltransferase domain containing 7; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; OR, odds ratio; P, plasma; PNPLA3, patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3; TM6SF2, transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2.