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. 2021 Jan 9;10(1):81. doi: 10.3390/antiox10010081

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Schematic Diagram of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress. Inflammation and oxidative stress activate the JNK pathway and the IKKβ/NF-κB pathway, which leads to the increase in insulin resistance. In the nucleus, the elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines also promotes insulin resistance. Various plant extracts inhibited the activation of inflammatory mediators and antioxidant enzymes, which resulted in antidiabetic effects. (IRS-1, Insulin receptor substrate 1; JNK, c-Jun amino terminal kinase; IKKβ, IκB kinase-β; NF-κB, Nuclear factor kappa B; ROS, Reactive oxygen species; ER stress, Endoplasmic reticulum stress; TNF- α, Tumor necrosis factor-α; IL-1β, Interleukin-1β; IL-6, Interleukin-6; MCP-1, Monocyte chemotactic protein 1; TLR, toll-like Receptor; CRP, C-reactive protein; COX-2, Cyclooxygenase-2; Ser, serine; Tyr, Tyrosine).