Table 1.

In vitro studies.

Source/Extract	Experimental Model	Concentration; Duration	Lab Test	Mechanisms				Reference
				Glucose Transport and Metabolism	Anti-Inflammation and Antioxidant Activity	Lipid Metabolism	Etc.
Anemarrhena asphadeloides Bge. extract	3T3-L1, LKB1-deficient HeLa	30 μg/mL; 2 h		↑p-AMPK, p-ACC				[27]
Bellis perennis extract	CHO-K1	1 mg/L; 10 min		↑GLUT4				[28]
Cassia angustifolia Vahl ethanolic extract	L6	30, 60, and 120 μg/mL; 1 h		↑GLUT4, IRAP, p-AMPK, p-Akt, p-PKC			↑G protein, PLC, PKC, IP3R	[29]
Cocoa extract	Human primary skeletal muscle cells	10, 25 μM; 2 h	↑Basal glucose uptake					[30]
Coptischinensis Franch acid extract	Rin-5f	2, 10, 50, 100, 250, 500 µM; 24 h	↑GSIS ↓Insulin secretion		↑PARP-1			[31]
Dendropanax morbifera water extract	Mice 3T3-L1	50, 100, 300, 500 μg/mL; 7 days	↑Glucose uptake ↓Intracellular TG		↓FAS	↓PPARγ, C/EBPα, C/EBPβ, SREBP-1c,		[32]
Eruca sativa Mill. leaf n-haxane-soluble fraction of 95% ethanol extract	C2C12 skeletal muscle myoblast	12.5 μg/mL; 18 h	↑Glucose uptake					[33]
	H4IIE hepatoma cells	12.5 μg/mL; 16 h		↓G6Pase
	3T3-L1 adipocyte	6.25, 12.5 μg/mL; 8 days	↑Intracellular TG
Helminthostachys zeylanica extract	HuS-E/2	100 μg/mL; 18 h				↑p-AMPK, p-ACC, CPT1, PPARα, PPARδ ↓SREBP-1c, PPARγ		[34]
Hippophae rhamnoides L. fruit oil extract	IR HepG2	400 μM; 24 h	↑Glucose uptake	↑GS, PI3K, p-Akt ↓GSK-3β				[35]
Mori ramulus ethanol extract	INS-1	62.5, 125, 250, 500, 1000 μg/mL; 1 h	↑Insulin secretion				↑PDX-1	[36]
Morus alba L. anthocyanin extract	IR HepG2	50, 100, 250 μg/mL; 24 h	↑Glycogen	↑p-FOXO1, Akt2, GYS2, p-Akt, p-GSK3β ↓PGC-1α, FOXO1, G6Pase, PEPCK				[37]
Rosmarinus officinalis L. extract	L6	5 μg/mL; 16 h		↑GLUT4, p-Akt, p-AMPK ↓p-IRS-1, p-JNK, p-mTOR, p-p70S6K				[38]

ACC, acetyl-CoA carboxylase; GLUT4, glucose transporter 4; IRAP, insulin-regulated aminopeptidase; AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; IP3R, Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor; GSIS, Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion; PARP-1, Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1; Akt, protein kinase B; PKC, protein kinase C; SREBP-1c, Sterol response element binding protein c; PPARα, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α; FAS, fatty acid synthase; C/EBPα, CCAAT/Enhancer Binding Protein α; C/EBPβ, CCAAT/Enhancer Binding Protein β; G6Pase, Glucose-6-phosphatase activity; TG, Triglycerides; CPT1, Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I; SREBP-1c, sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1c; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; GS, glycogen synthesis; GSK-3β, glycogen synthesis kinase-3β; PI3K, Phosphoinositide 3-kinase; PDX-1, pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1; GSK3β, glycogen synthase kinase 3β; p-Akt, Phosphorylated Akt; FOXO1, Forkhead Box O1; GYS2, glycogen synthase 2; GSP, glycated serum protein; PEPCK, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase; pAMPK, phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase; IRS-1, insulin receptor substrate 1; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; p70 S6K, protein S6 kinase; ↑, up-regulation; ↓, down-regulation.