Table 2.
In vivo studies—SD rats.
| Source/Extract | Experimental Model | Dose; Duration | Lab Test | Mechanisms | Reference | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glucose Transport and Metabolism |
Anti-Inflammation and Antioxidant Activity |
Lipid Metabolism |
Etc. | |||||
| Aframomum melegueta K. Schum. fruit ethanolic extract ethyl acetate fraction | 10% fructose solution, STZ-induced type 2 diabetes SD rats | 150, 300 mg/kg; 4 weeks | ↑Insulin, HOMA-β, HDL-C ↓NFBG, fructosamine, HOMA-IR, TC, TG, LDL-C, AI, CRI, ALT, AST, ALP, urea, uric acid, creatinine, LDH, CK-MB |
↓α -amylase, α -glucosidase | [50] | |||
| Anemarrhena asphadeloides Bge. extract | BCG vaccine-induced insulin resistance SD rats | 20, 60, 180 mg/kg; 14 days | ↑GIR | [27] | ||||
| Codonopsis lanceolate water extract | High-fat diet-induced diabetes SD rats | 0.3, 1% w/w; 8 weeks | ↓Serum insulin | ↑p-Akt | ↓PEPCK | ↑CPT-1, p- AMPK | ↑SIRT-1 | [51] |
| Coptischinensis Franch acid extract | High-fat diet-, STZ-induced diabetes SD rats | 100 mg/kg; 8 weeks | ↓Fasting blood glucose, basal insulin | [31] | ||||
| Gastrodia elata Blume water extract | High-fat diet-induced diabetic SD rats | 0.5%, 2% Gastrodia elata Blume water extract; 8 weeks | ↑Glucose uptake ↓Serum glucose, hepatic glucose output, insulin sensitivity |
↑p-Akt, pGSK-1β | [52] | |||
| Hippophae rhamnoides L. fruit oil extract | High-fat diet-induced type 2-diabetic SD rats | 100, 200, 300 mg/kg/day; 4 weeks | ↑Hepatic glycogen ↓Insulin, blood glucose, ALT, AST |
[35] | ||||
| Litchi chinensis Sonn. seeds ethanol extract | High-fat diet-, STZ-induced diabetes SD rats | 30 mg/kg; 6 weeks | ↓Insulin resistance, Urinary sugar, Serum ALT, Serum AST | ↑PI3K, Akt, mTOR | ↑FATP4 | [53] | ||
| Litchi chinensis Sonn. seed 70% ethanol extract | High-fat diet-, STZ-induced diabetes SD rats | 0.7, 1.4, 2.8 g/kg; 4 weeks | ↓Blood glucose, Insulin, HOMA | ↓Aβ | [54] | |||
| Melicope lunu-ankenda leaf extract | High-fat diet-, STZ-induced diabetes SD rats | 200, 400 mg/kg; 8 weeks | ↓Serum insulin, TC, TG, Serum ALT, AST | [55] | ||||
| Momordica charantia L. 70% ethanol extract | High-fat diet-, STZ-induced diabetes SD rats | 100, 200, 400 mg/kg; 8 weeks | ↓Fasting serum glucose, Fasting serum insulin, HOMA-IR | ↑GLUT-4, p-Akt | ↓TNF-α, IL-6, JNK | ↓SOCS-3 | ↑Akt-2, PTP-1B | [56] |
| Mori Cortex 70% alcohol extract | High-fat diet-, STZ-induced diabetes SD rats | 10 g/kg; 12 weeks | ↓HOMA-IR, OGTT | ↓SREBP-1c, ChREBP | [57] | |||
| Morus alba L. leaf extract | Fructose-induced diabetic SD rats | 2 g/kg/day; 4 weeks | ↓Fasting blood glucose, TG, TC, LDL, HOMA-IR | ↑IRS-1, PI3K, p85a, GLUT4 | [58] | |||
| Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. leaf ethanol extract | High-fat diet-, STZ-induced diabetes SD rats | 200, 400 mg/kg; 4 weeks | ↓Fasting blood glucose, Plasma insulin, VLDL, LDL, TC, TG | ↓ TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, NF-kBp65 | [59] | |||
| Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) G. Don (Leguminosae) butanol extract | STZ-induced T2DM SD rats | 150 mg/kg; 5 days a week, 4 weeks | ↑HOMA-β, serum insulin, HDL-C, liver glycogen ↓Blood glucose level, HOMA-IR, fructosamine, ALP, urea |
[60] | ||||
| Phellinus Linteus mycelial extract | High-fat diet-, STZ-induced T2DM SD rats | 300, 600 mg/kg; 8 weeks | ↑Liver glycogen ↓FBG, GSP, insulin, HOMA-IR, TG, T-CHO, FFA, LDL-C, AST |
↑GLUT2, GCK, ↓FBPase, G6Pase |
↑ACOX1, CPT1A, LDLR ↓HMGCR |
[61] | ||
| Thymus praecox subsp. skorpilii var. skorpilii methanolic extract | STZ/NA-induced T2DM rats | 100 mg/kg; 3 weeks | ↓Glucose, ALT, CR | ↑AMPK, HK ↓α-glucosidase, PEPCK, SGLT-1, SGLT-2 |
↓TNF- α, IL-1β, IL-6 | ↑ACC, PPARγ | ↑GLP-1 | [62] |
|
Xylopiaaethiopica (Dunal) A.Rich. fruit acetone extract |
Fructose diet-induced T2DM rats | 150, 300 mg/kg/day; 4 weeks | ↑HOMA-β, serum insulin, ↓HOMA-IR, fructosamine, TG, TC, AI, CRI, LDL-C, ALT, liver glycogen |
↓CK-MB | [63] | |||
| Zingiber officinale Roscoe powder | High-fat, high-fructose diet-induced prediabetic SD rats | 3% ginger powder/day; 8 months | ↓Insulin level, HOMA-IR, QUICK1, TG | [64] | ||||
| Ziziphus mucronata Willd ethanol extract | STZ-induced diabetic SD rats | 300 mg/kg, 5 days/week; 4 weeks | ↑Serum insulin, liver glycogen ↓Blood glucose |
[65] | ||||
STZ, streptozotocin; BCG, Bacillus Calmette–Guérin; GIR, glucose infusion rate; NFBG, non-fasting blood glucose; CRI, coronary risk index; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; ALT, alanine aminotransferases; AST, aspartate aminotransferases; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; p-Akt, Phosphorylated Akt; PEPCK, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase; pAMPK, phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase; SIRT-1, Sirtuin 1; pGSK-1β, phosphorylated glycogen synthesis kinase-1β; PI3K, Phosphoinositide 3-kinase; mTOR, Mammalian Target of Rapamycin; FATP4, Fatty acid transport protein; Aβ, Amyloid β; GLUT4, Glucose transporter 4; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; PTP-1B, protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B; SOCS-3, Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3; SREBP-1c, Sterol response element binding protein c; ChREBP, Carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein; IRS-1, Insulin receptor substrate 1; PI3K, Phosphoinositide 3-kinase; IL-1β, Interleukin-1β; IL-6, Interleukin-6; NF-kBp65, nuclear factor-kB p65; FBG, fasting blood glucose; GSP, glycosylated serum protein; T-CHO, total cholesterol; FFA, free fatty acids; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Bil, total bilirubin; GLUT2, glucose transporter 2; GCK, glucokinase; ACOX1, acyl-CoA oxidase 1; CPT1A, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A; LDLR, low-density lipoprotein receptor; FBPase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase; G6Pase, glucose-6-phosphatase; HMGCR, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase; NA, nicotinamide; CR, creatinine; HK, Hexokinase; SGLT, sodium glucose co-transporters; TNF- α, tumor necrosis factor- α; ACC, acetyl CoA carboxylase; PPARα, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1; HOMA-IR, insulin resistance; HOMA-B, b-cells function; TC, total cholesterol; TG, Triglycerides; AI, Atherogenic index; CK-MB, Creatine kinase; QUICKI, the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index; ↑, up-regulation; ↓, down-regulation.