Table 4.
In vivo studies—C57BL/- mice.
| Source/Extract | Experimental Model | Dose; Duration | Lab Test | Mechanisms | Reference | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glucose Transport and Metabolism |
Anti-Inflammation and Antioxidant Activity |
Lipid Metabolism |
Etc. | |||||
| Acanthopanax senticosus (Rupr. et Maxim.) Harms fruit | High-fat diet-induced obese C57BL/6J mice | 1000 mg/kg/day; 12 weeks | ↓Plasma glucose, liver TG, liver TC | ↑pAMPK, CYP7a1 | [85] | |||
| Angelica gigas Nakai extract | C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice | 20, 40 mg/kg; 8 weeks | ↓Fasting glucose, TC, TG, HOMA-IR | ↑p-AKt, pAMPK, p-ACC, p-GSK3β | [86] | |||
| Anvillea radiata Coss. & Dur. water extract | High-fat diet-induced C57BL/6 J mice |
150 mg/kg; 12 weeks | ↑DPPH, ORAC, TRAP ↓Blood glucose, blood GSH/GSSG |
↓HbA1C | ↓TNF-α | [87] | ||
| Camellia sinensis water extract | High-fat diet-induced C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice | 1.5% w/w; 10 weeks | ↓Serum lipid, fasting blood glucose | ↓FAS | ↓SREBP-1 | [88] | ||
| Cichorium intybus Linn. extract | High-fat diet-induced diabetic C57BL/6 mice | 50 mg/kg, two times a week; 6 weeks | ↑Insulin sensitivity ↓Blood glucose |
↑Arg1, IL-10 ↓IL-1β, iNOS, TNF-α, NLRP3 |
[89] | |||
| Cyclocarya paliurus extract | STZ-induced type 2 diabetes C57BL/6J mice | 0.5, 1.0 g/kg; 4 weeks | ↑ISI ↓FBG, FINS, IRI |
↑SOD, GSH-Px ↓MDA, ROS |
[90] | |||
| Helminthostachys zeylanica extract | High-fat diet-induced NAFLD C57BL/6J mice | 578 mg/kg/day; 12 weeks | ↑HDL-C ↓TG, TC, LDL-C, GOT, GPT, FBG, insulin, HOMA-IR |
[34] | ||||
| Mori ramulus ethanol extract | 60% fat diet-induced C57BLKS/J-db/db mice | 800, 1600 mg/kg; 14 weeks | ↑Insulin, C-peptide ↓Fasting blood glucose |
↓ ROS | ↑PDX-1 | [36] | ||
| Morus alba L. anthocyanin extract | C57BL6/J db/db mice | 50, 125 mg/kg/day; 7 weeks | ↑Adiponectin, glycogen ↓Blood glucose, liver TG, TC, LDL, leptin, insulin, HOMA-IR |
↑p-FOXO1, p-Akt, p-GSK3β, Akt2, GYS2 ↓G6pase, GSP, GSK3β |
[37] | |||
| Morus alba L. fruit extract | C57BL/Ksj-db/db mice | 0.5% Mulberry fruit extract; 6 weeks | ↑QUICKI ↓HOMA-IR, blood glucose, IPITT, IPGTT, HbA1c |
↑PM-GLUT4, total GLUT4, pAMPK, AS160 ↓PEPCK, G6Pase |
[91] | |||
| Nardostachys jatamansi DC. 30% ethanol extract | High-fat diet-induced C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice | 0.2% w/w; 6 weeks | ↓Fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, plasma insulin, HOMA-IR, OGTT, plasma lipid | ↑GLUT4, p-AS160 ↓G6Pase, PEPCK |
↑p-AMPK | [92] | ||
| Panax ginseng C.A.Meyer water extract | Ovariectomized C57BL/6J mice | 5% (w/w) ginseng; 15 weeks | ↓TG, free fatty acids, circulating insulin, glucose | ↑CD68, TNFα, MCP-1 | ↓MMP, VEGF-A, FGF-2, MMP-2, MMP-9 | [93] | ||
| Sarcopoterium spinosum Spach. root water extract | (1) High-fat diet-induced KK-Ay mice (2) High-fat diet-induced C57bl/6 mice |
70 mg/kg; 6 weeks | ↑Glycogen | ↑p-GSK3β | ↓MCP-1, IKK | ↓CD36 | [94] | |
| Siraitia grosvenorii (Swingle) extract | High-fat diet, STZ-induced diabetic C57BL/6 mice | 150, 300 mg/kg; 14 weeks | ↑ISI, HDL-C ↓FBG, GSP, insulin, HOMA-IR, TG |
↑p-AMPK ↓G6Pase, PEPCK |
↑p-AMPK, p-ACC, PPARα, CPT1a ↓ACC, FAS, SREBP1, SCD-1, DGAT2 |
[95] | ||
| Total saponins from Stauntonia chinensis DC. | T2DM C57 db/db mice | 30, 60, 120 mg/kg; 21 days | ↑Liver glycogen, HDL-C ↓FBG, glucose, insulin, TG, LDL-C |
↑IRS-1, p-PI3K, p-Akt, GLUT4 | ↑p-AMPK, p-ACC | [96] | ||
| Uromastyx acanthinura extract | 60% fat diet-induced type 2 diabetes C57BL/6J mice | 0.13 g/kg; 90 days | ↓Glucose | [97] | ||||
TG, triglycerides; TC, total cholesterol; pAMPK, phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; p-Akt, phosphorylated Akt; ACC, acetyl CoA carboxylase; GSK-3β, glycogen synthesis kinase-3β; DPPH, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; ORAC, oxygen radical absorbance capacity; TRAP, tartrate resistant acid phosphatase; LDL, low-density lipoproteins; GSH, glutathione; GSSG, oxidized glutathione; HbA1c, hemoglobin a1c protein; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor–α; FAS, fatty acid synthase; SREBP-1, sterol receptor element-binding protein-1; Arg1, arginase 1; IL, interleukin; iNOS, inducible Nitric oxide synthase; ISI, insulin sensitivity index; PDX-1, pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1FOXO1, Forkhead Box O1; GYS2, Glycogen Synthase 2; GSP, glycated serum protein; FBS, fasting blood glucose; FINS, fasting insulin level; IRI, insulin resistance index; SOD, superoxide dismutase; GSH-Px, glutathione peroxidase; MDA, malondialdehyde; ROS, reactive oxygen species; QUICKI, the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index; IPGTT, intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test; IPITT, intraperitoneal insulin tolerance test; GLUT4, glucose transporter 4; AS160, Akt substrate of 160 kDa; PEPCK, phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase; G6Pase, glucose-6-phosphatase activity; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; MCP-1, monocyte chemotactic protein 1; MMP, metalloproteinase; VEGF-A, vascular endothelial growth factor A; FGF-2, fibroblast growth factor 2; IKK, IκB kinase; CPT1a, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a; SCD-1, stearoyl-CoA desaturase; DGAT2, diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2; ↑, up-regulation; ↓, down-regulation.