Table 5.
In vivo studies—KK-Ay mice.
| Source/Extract | Experimental Model | Dose; Duration | Lab test | Mechanisms | Reference | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glucose Transport and Metabolism |
Anti-Inflammation and Antioxidant Activity |
Lipid Metabolism |
Etc. | |||||
| Anemarrhena asphadeloides Bge. extract | Diabetic KK-Ay mice | 30, 90, 270 mg/kg; 8 weeks | ↓6-h FBG, insulin, HOMA-IR | [27] | ||||
|
Morella rubra Sieb. et Zucc. fruit extract |
1K65 diet-induced diabetic KK-Ay mice | 200 mg/kg/day; 5 weeks | ↓Serum insulin, fasting blood glucose, OGTT, ITT, ALT, TC, TG, LDL-C, leptin, glucagon | ↑pAMPK ↓PEPCK, G6Pase, PGC-1α, |
↓IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, MCP-1, PAI-1, LCN-2 | ↓ME, PAP, ACAT, ACC1, SREBF2, CIDEA | [101] | |
| Perilla frutescens oil | High-fat/sugar diet-, STZ-induced type 2 diabetes KKAy mice | 1.84 g/kg; 4 weeks | ↑Insulin ↓FBG, AST, ALT, GLU, G6PD, TG, TC |
↑PI3K, p-IRS-1, p-Akt, p-AS160, GLUT4 | ↑Alloprevotella, Akkermansia ↓Aerococcus, Streptococcus |
[102] | ||
| Sarcopoterium spinosum Spach. root water extract | (1) High-fat diet-induced KK-Ay mice (2) High-fat diet-induced C57bl/6 mice |
70 mg/kg; 6 weeks | ↑Glycogen | ↑p-GSK3β | ↓MCP-1, IKK | ↓CD36 | [94] | |
FBG, fasting blood glucose; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; ITT, Insulin tolerance test; ALT, Alanine Transaminase; TC, total cholesterol; TG, Triglycerides; LDL-C, Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; pAMPK, phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase; G6Pase, Glucose-6-phosphatase activity; PGC-1α, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha; PEPCK, Phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase; IL-1β, Interleukin-1β; TNF-α, Tumor necrosis factor-α; IL-6, Interleukin-6; MCP-1, Monocyte chemotactic protein 1; PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitory, LCN-2, Lipocalin-2; ME, Malic enzyme; PAP, Phosphatidate phosphohydrolase; ACAT, Acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase; ACC1, acetyl CoA carboxylase 1; SREBF2, Sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 2; CIDEA, Cell death-inducing DFFA-like effector A; PI3K, phosphoinositide-3 kinase; Akt, protein kinase B; IRS-1, insulin receptor substrate 1; p-AS160, phospho-Akt serine/threonine kinase; GLUT4, glucose transporter 4; AST, aspartate transaminase alanine; GLU, glucose; G6PD, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase; p-GSK3β, phosphorylated-glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta; IKK, IκB kinase; CD36, cluster of differentiation 36; ↑, up-regulation; ↓, down-regulation.