Table 3.

Results of MST in animal models.

Ref.	Transfer Method	Blastocyst Development	Births Rate	Carry-Over	Notes
Tachibana et al., 2009 [19]	HVJ-E EF	HVJ-E: 61% (45/74) similar to control EF: 9% (1/11) lower than control	27% (4/15) 17% Similar to control	ESCs and offspring: undetectable (<3%)	First animals born by MST Lower development to blastocyst due to premature oocyte activation
Cheng et al., 2009 [27]	EF	Not indicated	Inter-strain: 26% Intra-strain: 34% Similar to control	Not tested	GVT and PNT also performed
Neupane et al., 2014 [28]	HVJ-E	PTGN: 82.6% (19/23) similar to control ICSI: 0% (0/12) similar to control	Not tested	0.29% ± 0.63% Undetectable in 17/24	Carry-over of MST, GVT, and PNT were compared
Wang et al., 2014 [31]	HVJ-E	85.7% (18/21)	44.4% (8/18)	F1 tail: 5.5% ± 1.4% F2 fingers: 7.1% ± 6.8%	First publication to propose polar bodies transfer

All the works, except the Tachibana group (that was carried out in rhesus macaques), were performed in murine model. ESCs: embryonic stem cells. EF: electrofusion. F1/F2: mice of first and second generation. HVJ-E: extract of de Sendai virus. ICSI: intracytoplasmatic spermatozoid injection. PTGN: partenogenetically activated oocytes (without fertilization).