Table 1.

Illustration of the effect of nanocrystalline cellulose on synthetic polymer matrix.

Source of Nanocrystalline Cellulose	Synthetic Polymer	The Effect and Advantages of the Reinforcement	Ref.
Cotton	Copolymers of polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinyl acetate	-Improvement of dynamic mechanical, tensile strength, and Young’s modulus as NCC content increased. -Glass transition temperature rose significantly as the addition of cotton NCC. -Elevation of humidity resulted in significant declining of the tensile modulus.	[197]
Flax	Nitrile rubber	-Increase of tensile strength (7.7–15.8 MPa) and storage modulus. -Higher thermal degradation temperature. -Tg of the nanocomposites was shifted 10.8 to 17.2 °C with flax NCC content increasing to 20 phr.	[198]
Oil palm	Polypropylene/cyclic natural rubber	-Improvement of interphase surface tension and thermal stability. -More homogenous than without the addition of the nano-fillers.	[199]
Pineapple	Polyvinyl alcohol	-The nanocomposites are used to develop green pH/magnetic sensitive hydrogels. -Improvement in terms of thermal stability, swelling ability. -Significant enhancement of naringin loading and entrapment efficiency of the hydrogels.	[200]
Sisal leaf	Rubber	-Increase in tensile properties of the nanocomposites.	[201]
Softwood Kraft pulp	Poly Vinyl Alcohol	-The gelatin and NCC fillers help to increase the tensile strength and Young’s modulus. -The moisture absorption of NCC/gelatin/PVA nanocomposites tremendously increased as compared to PVA films. -Thermal properties such as thermal degradation and glass transition temperature enhanced. -Better crystallinity due to the existence of glycosidic bonds in cellulose structure.	[202]
Tunicin	Epoxy	-Improved tensile strength due to good adhesion with epoxy matrix. -Provided better dynamic mechanical properties in their synthetic polymer.	[203]