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. 2021 Jan 8;10(1):104. doi: 10.3390/cells10010104

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Lymphocyte Th17/Treg balance. CD4+ T cells differentiate in Th1, Th2, Th17, or iTreg (induced regulatory T cells) depending on external stimuli. Th1 cells may aggravate brain injury by secreting pro-inflammatory cytokines (through T-bet), while Th2 cells may have neuroprotective effects on the injured brain by secreting anti-inflammatory cytokines (through GATA-3). The differentiation of Th17 cells from naïve T cells requires TGF-β and IL-6, which induce RORγt expression. Th17 cell is characterized by pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion, such as IL17A. In contrast, Foxp3, the master regulator of Tregs is induced by TGF-β and IL-2, and Treg secretes anti-inflammatory cytokines such as TGF-β and IL-10. Th17 and iTregs reciprocally inhibit their differentiation. Created with BioRender.com.