Table 2.
An illustrative list of ncRNAs aberrantly chemically modified in cancer.
| Chem. Mod. | Cancer | ncRNA | Enzyme | Mod | Effects | Consequence | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| m5C | Pancreatic cancer and colorectal cancer | miR-200c-3p, miR-21-3p | NSUN2 | ↑ | interaction between miRNA and AGO is modified | N/A | [95] |
| GBM | miR-16-5p, miR-181a-5p, miR-181b-5p, miR-181d-5p, miR-210-3p | DNMT3A/ AGO4 |
↑ | Cytosine methylated miR-181a-5p loses its capacity to suppress BIM (apoptosis regulator) | Decreases apoptosis and increases invasion and proliferation rate. | [96] | |
| ESCC | NMR | NSUN2 | ↑ | Attenuates the methylation of PLOD3, COL4A5, LAMB1, HSPG2 | Increases migration and invasion | [97] | |
| m6A | Pancreatic cancer and colorectal cancer | let-7a-5p, miR-17-5p | METTL3 and METTL4 | ↑ | interaction between miRNA and AGO is modified | m6A modified miRNAs have a reduced ability to inhibit mRNAs | [95] |
| Ψ | Lung cancer | TERC | N/A | N/A | N/A | Telomere shortening, pro-oncogenic | [146] |
| Uridylation | Osteosarcoma | miR-24, miR-29a | TUT1 | N/A | ↑ PPARgamma ↑ SREBP-1c |
Stimulates lipogenesis, tumor progression | [163] |
| Breast cancer | let-7a, let-7f | LIN28 | ↑ | ↑ HRAS, ↑ HMGA2, |
Expansion of cancer stem cells | [166] | |
| Head and Neck cancer | let-7 family | LIN28B | ↑ | ↑ HMGA2, ↑ CCND2, ↑ IGF1R, ↑ IGF2BP2 |
Oncogenesis and cancer progression | [165] | |
| m7G | Lung and colon cancer cells | let-7 family (let-7-5p seed), hsa-miR-125a-5p, hsa-miR-92b-3p | METTL1 | ↑ | ↓ HMGA2 | Cell migration | [171] |
AGO = Argonaute; AGO4 = Argonaute RISC catalytic component 4; BIM = BCL2 like 11; CCND2 = cyclin D2; COL4A5 = collagen type IV alpha 5 chain; DNMT3A = DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 3A; ESCC = esophageal squamous cell carcinoma; GBM = Glioblastoma multiforme; HMGA2 = High mobility group protein HMGI-C; HRAS = GTPase HRas; HSPG2 = heparan sulfate proteoglycan 2; IGF1R = insulin like growth factor 1 receptor; IGF2BP2 = insulin like growth factor 2 mRNA binding protein 2; LIN28B = lin-28 homolog B; LAMB1 = laminin subunit beta 1; m5C = 5-methylcytosine; m6A= N6-Methyladenosine; m7G = 7-Methylguanosine; METTL1 = (guanine-N(7)-)-methyltransferase 1; METTL3 = N6-adenosine-methyltransferase catalytic subunit; METTL4 = N(6)-adenine-specific methyltransferase; NSUN2 = Myc-induced SUN domain-containing protein; PLOD3 = procollagen-lysine,2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase 3; PPARgamma = peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma; Ψ = pseudouridylation; SREBP-1c = Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1; TUT1 = terminal uridylyl transferase 1; TUT4 = terminal uridylyltransferase 4; TUT7 = terminal uridylyltransferase 7, ↓ = decreased; ↑ = increased.