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. 2021 Jan 12;9(1):66. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines9010066

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Within group variations in alpha-diversity of gut bacterial communities and relative abundances of the 15 most abundant bacterial families in female rats over time. Shannon diversity (A) and Chao1 estimated richness (B) display within group differences in alpha-diversity in female rats over time (n = 8–10 rats per group/time point). ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc test; p < 0.05. (C) Within group relative abundances of the 15 most abundant bacterial families in female rats over time. Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn post-hoc tests and Benjamin-Holmes False Discovery Rate (FDR) correction; the superscripts ^a,b,c,d indicate significant differences between time points where labelled means without a common superscript letter differ, p < 0.05 (i.e., ‘a’ and ‘b’ differ; ‘ab’ does not differ from ‘a’ or ‘b’). CTR, control; ABT, antibiotic; PRE, prebiotic; ABT + PRE, antibiotic + prebiotic; LEAN, lean control. 1st Pulse, After first antibiotic pulse; 2nd Pulse, After second antibiotic pulse; 3rd Pulse, After third antibiotic pulse; End, End of Study.