Table 5.
Meta-regression analysis of effect of chitosan on lowering cholesterol.
| Item | Item 1 | Estimate | SE | p-Value 2 | ci. lb | ci. ub | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TC (blood) |
Type | Intercept | −2.1859 | 1.6901 | 0.1959 | −5.4884 | 1.1266 |
| CTS | 0.1219 | 1.7093 | 0.9431 | −3.2282 | 3.4720 | ||
| WSC | −0.5761 | 1.7444 | 0.7412 | −3.9952 | 2.8429 | ||
| RS | −0.1338 | 2.0610 | 0.9482 | −4.1733 | 3.9056 | ||
| CTS + RS | −6.8139 | 2.9481 | 0.0208 * | −12.5920 | −1.0358 | ||
| WSC + RS | 0.7024 | 2.3290 | 0.7630 | −3.8624 | 5.2671 | ||
| CSR | 0.2677 | 2.3758 | 0.9103 | −4.3889 | 4.9242 | ||
| Administ-ration period | Intercept | −2.7155 | 0.4412 | <0.0001 *** | −3.5802 | −1.8509 | |
| Period | 0.0701 | 0.0561 | 1.2503 | −0.0398 | 0.1800 | ||
| TG (blood) |
Type | Intercept | 1.1106 | 1.7676 | 0.5298 | −2.3538 | 4.5750 |
| CTS | −2.1980 | 1.7917 | 0.2199 | −5.7097 | 1.3136 | ||
| WSC | −3.0136 | 1.8238 | 0.0985 | −6.5881 | 0.5610 | ||
| RS | −2.3077 | 2.1766 | 0.2890 | −6.5738 | 1.9584 | ||
| CTS + RS | −4.5172 | 2.5911 | 0.0813 | −9.5957 | 0.5613 | ||
| WSC + RS | −2.5444 | 2.5135 | 0.3114 | −7.4708 | 2.3821 | ||
| CTS + VitC | −1.9712 | 2.5027 | 0.4309 | −6.8764 | 2.9340 | ||
| Administ-ration period | Intercept | −2.0619 | 0.4644 | <0.0001 *** | −2.9721 | −1.1516 | |
| Period | 0.1108 | 0.0586 | 0.0586 | −0.0040 | 0.2257 | ||
| LDL-C (blood) |
Type | Intercept | −1.7721 | 1.0902 | 0.1041 | −3.9089 | 0.3647 |
| CTS | −1.0320 | 1.1352 | 0.1041 | −3.9089 | 0.3647 | ||
| WSC | −1.1110 | 1.1886 | 0.3499 | −3.4407 | 1.2186 | ||
| RS | 1.5229 | 1.5190 | 0.3161 | −1.4542 | 4.5000 | ||
| Administ-ration period | Intercept | −2.3459 | 0.7447 | 0.0016 ** | −3.8056 | −0.8863 | |
| Period | −0.0554 | 0.1258 | 0.6595 | −0.3021 | 0.1912 | ||
| HDL-C (blood) |
Type | Intercept | 0.3816 | 0.3323 | 0.2507 | −0.2696 | 1.0329 |
| WSC | −1.1785 | 0.7190 | 0.1012 | −2.5877 | 0.2307 | ||
| RS | −0.4951 | 1.3894 | 0.7216 | −3.2183 | 2.2282 | ||
| CTS + RS | 1.6183 | 1.9784 | 0.4134 | −2.2594 | 5.4959 | ||
| WSC + RS | −0.1523 | 1.9366 | 0.9373 | −3.9481 | 3.6434 | ||
| Administ-ration period | Intercept | −1.4886 | 0.5323 | 0.0052 ** | −2.5319 | −0.4453 | |
| Period | 0.2432 | 0.0684 | 0.0004 *** | 0.1091 | 0.3773 | ||
| TC(liver) | Type | Intercept | −1.5873 | 1.9416 | 0.4136 | −5.3927 | 2.2181 |
| WSC | 0.0805 | 2.2402 | 0.9713 | −4.3102 | 4.4713 | ||
| CTS | −2.0698 | 1.9835 | 0.2967 | −5.9575 | 1.8179 | ||
| CSR | −3.1597 | 2.9633 | 0.2869 | −8.9676 | 2.6481 | ||
| Administ-ration period | Intercept | −1.9173 | 0.7594 | 0.0116 | −3.4057 | −0.4289 | |
| Period | −0.1982 | 0.0944 | 0.0358 | −0.3872 | −0.0132 | ||
| TG(blood) | Type | Intercept | −3.0600 | 0.4819 | <0.0001 *** | −4.0045 | −2.1154 |
| WSC | −1.1192 | 1.1754 | 0.3410 | −3.4229 | 1.1845 | ||
| Administ-ration period | Intercept | −2.7837 | 1.0596 | 0.0086 ** | −4.8606 | −0.7068 | |
| Period | −0.0620 | 0.1197 | 0.6045 | −0.2967 | 0.1727 | ||
| TC (feces) |
Type | Intercept | 2.6479 | 0.3939 | <0.0001 *** | 1.8759 | 3.4200 |
| WSC | −0.2285 | 1.0908 | 0.8341 | −2.3664 | 1.9094 | ||
| Administ-ration period | Intercept | 1.3488 | 0.7729 | 0.0810 | −0.1661 | 2.8637 | |
| Period | 0.1637 | 0.0958 | 0.0808 | −0.0205 | 0.3552 | ||
| TG (feces) |
Administ-ration period | Intercept | 1.2205 | 0.8155 | 0.1345 | −0.3778 | 2.8189 |
| Period | 0.1409 | 0.0847 | 0.0961 | −0.2510 | 0.3069 | ||
| TNF-α | Type | Intercept | −2.0430 | 0.3956 | <0.0001 *** | −2.8184 | −1.2676 |
| WSC | 3.0273 | 1.4005 | 0.0307 * | 0.2823 | 5.7723 | ||
| Administ-ration period | Intercept | −2.4611 | 1.3793 | 0.0744 | −5.1646 | 0.2423 | |
| Period | 0.0599 | 0.1285 | 0.6413 | −0.1920 | 0.3117 | ||
| Body weight | Type | Intercept | −3.4586 | 0.5526 | <0.0001 *** | −4.5418 | −2.3755 |
| WSC | 2.8636 | 0.8524 | 0.0008 *** | 1.1930 | 4.5342 | ||
| RS | 1.1231 | 1.3669 | 0.4113 | −1.5559 | 3.8021 | ||
| CTS + RS | −5.5412 | 2.5456 | 0.0295 * | −10.5305 | −0.5519 | ||
| WSC + RS | 1.9751 | 1.7926 | 0.2705 | −1.5383 | 5.4885 | ||
| Administ-ration period | Intercept | −0.5489 | 1.3274 | 0.6793 | −3.1506 | 2.0529 | |
| Period | −0.2678 | 0.1770 | 0.1303 | −0.6148 | 0.0792 | ||
| Glucose (blood) |
Type | Intercept | −0.9044 | 0.3993 | 0.0235 * | −1.6869 | −0.1218 |
| RS | −0.7644 | 1.3438 | 0.5694 | −3.3982 | 1.8694 | ||
| CTS + RS | −0.8650 | 1.3491 | 0.5214 | −3.5092 | 1.7793 | ||
| CTS + VitC | 1.6188 | 1.3082 | 0.2159 | −0.9453 | 4.1829 | ||
| Administ-ration period | Intercept | −1.0118 | 0.8754 | 0.2477 | −2.7275 | 0.7039 | |
| Period | 0.0103 | 0.0736 | 0.8887 | −0.1339 | 0.1545 | ||
1 CTS, chitosan; WSC, water-soluble chitosan; RS, resistant starch; CTS + RS, chitosan and resistant starch; WSC + RS, water-soluble chitosan and resistant starch; CTS + VitC, chitosan and vitamin C; CSR, cholestyramine; 2 Means marked with *, **, and *** differ significantly (p < 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001, respectively).