Table 1.
Effects of the different exposures on spontaneous movements, heart rate and hatching rate in zebrafish embryos. Morphometric parameters were recorded in zebrafish eleutheroembryo at 98 hpf.
| Phyto-fungicide | Group | 24 hpf | 48 hpf | 72 hpf | 98 hpf | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spontaneous Movements (units/min) |
Heart Rate (beats/min) |
Hatching Rate (%) |
Body Length (mm) |
Yolk Area (mm2) |
Heart Area (mm2) |
Eye Area (mm2) |
||
| E. arvense | Ctrl | 2.0 (2.0–2.5) | 123.6 ± 1.82 | 70.0 (65.5–71.5) | 3.75 (3.71–3.77) | 0.21 (0.20–0.21) | 0.034 ± 0.001 | 0.082 (0.082–0.085) |
| E1 | 2.0 (2.0–3.0) | 124.2 ± 3.42 | 70.0 (66.0–71.0) | 3.74 (3.72–3.78) | 0.21 (0.21–0.22) | 0.033 ± 0.003 | 0.083 (0.081–0.084) | |
| E2 | 1.0 (1.0–2.0) | 117.0 ± 3.39 | 68.0 (63.5–71.5) | 3.53 (3.49–3.65) | 0.22 (0.22–0.22) | 0.035 ± 0.003 | 0.075 (0.074–0.079) | |
| E3 | 2.0 (2.0–2.5) | 121.2 ± 6.57 | 68.0 (61.5–68.5) | 3.72 (3.65–3.80) | 0.20 (0.20–0.21) | 0.032 ± 0.004 | 0.081 (0.079–0.085) | |
| M. tenuiflora | Ctrl | 2.0 (0.5–2.0) | 113.2 ± 7.19 | 62.5 ± 7.7 | 3.56 ± 0.20 | 0.22 (0.21–0.23) | 0.038 ± 0.005 | 0.081 ± 0.015 |
| M1 | 1.0 (1.0–1.5) | 115.0 ± 9.82 | 65.6 ± 5.3 | 3.48 ± 0.26 | 0.24 (0.23–0.24) | 0.035 ± 0.006 | 0.086 ± 0.015 | |
| M2 | 2.0 (1.0–2.0) | 120.0 ± 5.92 | 56.4 ± 13 | 3.65 ± 0.14 | 0.24 (0.22–0.25) | 0.039 ± 0.005 | 0.088 ± 0.010 | |
| M3 | 1.0 (0.5–2.5) | 118.8 ± 11.4 | 54.0 ± 16 | 3.60 ± 0.15 | 0.25 (0.22–0.25) | 0.038 ± 0.005 | 0.087 ± 0.011 | |
| Thymol | Ctrl | 2.0 (0.5–2.0) | 144.2 ± 21.7 | 60.8 ± 7.6 | 3.47 ± 0.10 a | 0.21 (0.20–0.22) a | 0.031 ± 0.001 a | 0.079 (0.078–0.082) a |
| T1 | 0.0 (0.0–2.5) | 159.6 ± 5.32 | 58.6 ± 3.1 | 3.44 ± 0.09 a,b | 0.21 (0.20–0.23) a | 0.037 ± 0.002 ab | 0.072 (0.061–0.079) a,b | |
| T2 | 1.0 (0.0–1.0) | 165.6 ± 5.68 | 59.4 ± 5.4 | 3.32 ± 0.05 b | 0.23 (0.22–0.24) a,b | 0.037 ± 0.006 a,b | 0.070 (0.063–0.073) a,b | |
| T3 | 2.0 (1.5–2.0) | 145.4 ± 20.5 | 59.0 ± 5.2 | 3.30 ± 0.04 b | 0.25 (0.24–0.28) b | 0.038 ± 0.003 b | 0.067 (0.062–0.073) b | |
Parametric data is presented as mean and standard deviation while non-parametric data presented as median and interquartile range of five independent replicates. Statistical analysis was performed using the one-way ANOVA followed by Turkey’s test or by Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn’s test (p < 0.05). Different lowercase letters represent statistical differences among groups for each analysed parameter.