Table 1.

Overview of injury models presented in the review.

Organ	Model Organism	Injury Model	Type of Injury	Mechanism of Regeneration	Characteristics	References
Heart	Zebrafish	Ventricular resection	Surgical	Proliferation from pre-existing myocytes	-	[11]
		Cryoinjury	Surgical	Proliferation from pre-existing myocytes	Clinically relevant to mammalian infarcts with massive cell death	[13]
	Mouse	Ventricular resection	Surgical	Proliferation from pre-existing myocytes	Fully regenerates a functional myocardium in 1–2 months without scarring	[11,12]
		Myocardial infarction	Surgical	Proliferation from pre-existing myocytes	Left anterior descending coronary artery occluded with a nylon suture	[25]
Liver	Zebrafish	Partial hepatectomy	Surgical	Hepatocyte-driven	Clinically relevant	[26]
		APAP overdose	Chemical	BEC-driven regeneration	Paracetamol overdose	[26]
		Nitroreductase (NTR)-mediated ablation	Genetic/Chemical	Hepatocyte-driven BEC-driven regeneration	Tg(fabp10a:CFP-NTR)	[27,28,29]
	Mouse	CDE diet	Chemical	BEC-driven regeneration	Ethionine, a toxic analog of methionine, in association with choline deficiency, leads to hepatocyte death and liver inflammation	[30]
		Ctnnb1 hepatocyte KO	Genetic	BEC-driven regeneration	Represses hepatocyte proliferation—in combination with an injury model	[29]
		Mdm2 deletion (hepatocyte-specific)	Genetic	BEC-driven regeneration	AhCreMdm2flox/floxInducible, repress hepatocyte proliferation	[30]
Beta cell/Pancreas	Zebrafish	NTR-mediated ablation	Genetic/Chemical	Beta cell proliferation;alpha cell transdifferentiation; Neogenesis from ductal progenitors	Tg(ins:CFP-NTR) In cells expressing NTR, reduces non-toxic pro-drug into cytotoxic products causing targeted cell apoptosis	[31,32,33,34]
	Mouse	Pancreatic Duct Ligation (PDL)	Surgical	Neogenesis from ductal progenitors	Induces acinar cell death and acute inflammation without destruction of beta cells	[35,36,37]
		Streptozotocin (STZ)	Chemical	Beta cell proliferation; Neogenesis from ductal progenitors	Toxic glucose analogue that enters into beta cells via the GLUT2 transporter causing their death	[31,38]
		Diphtheria Toxin Analogue (DTA)	Genetic/Chemical	Alpha cell transdifferentiation (adult only) Delta cell transdifferentiation (neonatal only)	Tg(RIP:DTR) The toxin enters in cells expressing the DTR and inhibits protein synthesis, leading to cell apoptosis. Here targeted in beta cells with the Rat Insulin Promoter (RIP).	[39,40]
Spinal Cord	Zebrafish	Spinal cord transection	Surgical	Glial bridge	Complete cutting of the vertebral column	[41]
	Mouse	Laminectomy and spinal cord hemisection	Surgical	-	Hemisection leading to complete paralysis of the ipsilateral limb	[42]
Brain	Zebrafish	Stab-lesion assay	Surgical	Regeneration from radial cells	Injury in the telencephalon parenchyma	[43]
		B42 mediated injury	Surgical/Chemical	Regeneration from radial cells	Alzheimer’s-disease-like	[44]
	Mouse	AD-like model	Genetic	No regeneration	APP/PS1dE9 transgenic	[45]
Retina	Zebrafish	Needle poke	Surgical	From Muller cells	-	[46]
		Optic nerve lesion	Surgical	From Muller cells	-	[47]
	Mouse	NMDA	Chemical	From Muller cells	-	[46,48]
		Excessive light	Surgical	From Muller cells	-	[46]
		AD-like model	Genetic	No regeneration	APP/PS1dE9 transgenic	[45]