. 2021 Jan 7;10(1):71. doi: 10.3390/antiox10010071

Table 2.

Summary of the results from studies on antioxidant capacity in honey.

Sample Size	Botanical Origin	Bee Species ¹	Country	TPC ²	TFC ³	AOA ⁴	Characterization	References
26	10 Sumer, 10 Sidr and 6 multiflora	A. mellifera	Oman	842–2898 mg GAE/kg	521–2890 mg CE/kg	7.8–190.1 mg/mL EC50 DPPH	n.d.	[78]
11	1 Talh, 1 Olive, 1 Sidr, 8 multiflora	n.s.	Saudi Arabia	0.78–5.02 mg GAE/g	n.d.	5.89–53.93% DPPH	GC-MS	[79]
83	17 Linen vine, 16 Morning glory, 18 Christmas vine, 16 Black mangrove, 16 Singing bean	n.s.	Cuba	213.9–595.8 mg GAE/kg	10–25 mg CE/kg	27.0–96.9 µmol TE/100g FRAP 103.5294.5 µmol TE/100g TEAC	n.d.	[80]
16	Multiflora, 8 from A. mellifera and 8 from M. beecheii	A. mellifera, M. beecheii	Cuba	54.30 and 94.39 mg GAE/100g	2.68 and 4.19 mg CE/100g	159.70 and 175.82 µmol TE/100g FRAP 31.06 and 42.23 µmol TE/100g DPPH	HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS	[81]
32	Different monoflora and 2 honeydew	A. mellifera spp. sicula	Italy	16.5–133.3 mg GAE/100g	4.0–82.1 mg QE/100g	17.8–165.7 mg AAE/100g FRAP 8.5–238.4 μmol TE/100g DPPH 19.2–270.3 4 μmol TE/100g ABTS	n.d.	[74]
32	Multiflora, 8 for each bee species	M. bicolor, M. quadrifasciata, M. marginata, S. bipuncata	Brazil	220.4–708.1 mg GAE/kg	n.d.	1.61–34.73 µmol TE/kg ABTS 9.71–39.10 µmol TE/kg DPPH 35.49–94.35 µmol TE/kg ORAC	HPLC–PDA	[60]
14	n.s.	n.s.	Lithuania	168–278 mg GAE/100g	n.d.	65–88% DPPH	n.d.	[6]
8	Multiflora from 6 different Meliponinae	Meliponinae, 6 spp.	Brazil	10.4–57.4 mg GAE/100g	n.d.	0.8–28.2 mg AAE/100g DPPH 67.5–734.5 µmol Fe²⁺/100g FRAP	LC-MS	[82]
33	Multiflora from 10 different Meliponinae	Meliponinae, 10 spp.	Brazil	10.3–98.0 mg GAE/100g	n.d.	1.41–18.5 mg AAE/100g DPPH 61.1–624 µmol Fe²⁺/100g FRAP	n.d.	[83]
13	Multiflora from 9 different Meliponinae	Meliponinae, 9 spp.	Brazil		n.d.	199–667 μmol TE/100g ORAC	HPLC–ESI-MS/MS	[14]
14	8 Rape and 8 multiflora	n.s.	Hungary	170–330 mg GAE/kg	n.d.	63–110 μmol TE/100g TEAC 27–42 mg TE/mL EC50 DPPH 22–39 μmolTE/g ORAC	n.d.	[84]
20	Avocado	n.s.	Spain	103.1–137.8 mg GAE/100g	n.d.	2.4–2.8 μmol TE/g TEAC	n.d.	[85]
62	11 monoflora, 2 honeydew and 7 multiflora	n.s.	Turkey	16.02–120.04 mg GAE/100g	0.65–8.10 mg QE/100g	0.64–4.30 μmol Fe²⁺/g FRAP 12.56–152.40 mg TE/mL EC50 DPPH	HPLC-UV	[36]
16	16 monoflora	n.s.	China	60.5–100.8 mg GAE/100g	0.6–2.3 mg RE/100g	56.0–101.2 mg TE/100g DPPH 10.1–14.5 mg TE/100g ABTS 7.0–14.9 mg TE/100g FRAP	n.d.	[86]
15	8 monoflora, 7 multiflora	n.s.	Spain	23.1–158 mg GAE/100g	1.65–5.93 mg CE/100g	5.46–202 mg/mL EC50 DPPH 26.3–215 mg/mL EC50 RP −1.34–92.9 % BCB	HPLC-UV	[43]
7	Multiflora	M.(Michmelia) seminigra merrilae	Brazil	17.0–66.0 mg GAE/g	n.d.	210–337 mg TE/mL EC50 ABTS	HPLC-DAD	[87]
4	Manuka	n.s.	New Zealand	372–576 mg GAE/kg	n.d.	545–756 μmol Fe²⁺/100g FRAP	n.d.	[88]
460	Monoflora	n.s.	Italy	107.2–564.2 mg GAE/kg	33.1–213 mg QE/kg	3.4–161.3 mg/mL EC50 DPPH 24.4–72.8 μM AAE/g FRAP	LC-MS	[9]
31	Multiflora	Meliponinae, 7 spp.	Brazil	32–136 mg GAE/g	8–55 mg QE/g	DPPH, BCB, FRAP (graphicated)	n.d.	[89]
20	Buckwheat	n.s.	Poland	181–355 mg GAE/100g	8.0–30.4 mg QE/100g	51–95.2% DPPH 195–680 μmol TE/100g FRAP	UPLC-PDA-MS/MS	[90]
90	44 monoflora, 29 honeydew and 17 multiflora	n.s.	Poland	254.5–1353.7 mg GAE/kg	n.d.	21.81–82.41% DPPH 656.73–3635.49 µmol TE/kg FRAP	n.d.	[48]
8	Carob	n.s.	Morocco	75.5–245.2 mg GAE/100g	2.26–4.79 mg QE/100g	35.03–60.94 mg AAE/g TAA 12.54–23.52 mg/mL EC50 DPPH 1.9–4.4 mg AAE/mL EC50 FRAP	n.d.	[91]
187	34 chestnut, 17 eucalyptus, 31 blackberry, 10 heather, 13 honeydew and 82 multiflora	n.s.	Spain	78.4–181 mg GAE/100g	4.3–9.6 mg QE/100g	9.5–17.8 mg AAE/mL EC50 DPPH	n.d.	[92]
32	Honeydew	n.s.	Spain	79.5–187 mg GAE/100g	6.6–13.1 mg QE/100g	52.9–95.6% DDPH	n.d.	[93]
7	Forest, pine, urtica, meadow, linden, 2 acacia	n.s.	Serbia, Germany, Greece	94.0–620.7 µg GAE/ml	n.d.	0.2–4.98 µmol TE/g FRAP 5.9–12.9 µmol TE/g ORAC 1.0–5.82 µmol TE/g ABTS 0–1.21 µmol TE/g EC50 DPPH	n.d.	[94]
23	Monoflora	n.s.	Turkey	45.4–470.7 mg GAE/100g	n.d.	12.01–65.52 mg/mL EC50 DPPH 0.0022–0.0091 mg TE/100g FRAP 32.09–94.87% BCB.	n.d.	[95]
22	20 monoflora, 2 honeydew	n.s.	Poland	3.43–22.33 mg GAE/100g	n.d.	41.42–83.16 mg GAE/100g ABTS	HPLC-DAD	[77]
40	Honeydew “dryomelo”	A. mellifera	Greece	1221–1495 mg GAE/kg	n.d.	56.8–72.4% DPPH	n.d.	[96]
11	2 tualang, 2 gelam, 2 pineapple, 2 borneo (Apis spp.) and 3 kelulut (Trigona spp.)	Apis spp. and Trigona spp.	Malaysia	590.5 and 784.3 mg GAE/kg	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	[97]
4	Tualang, gelam, indian forest, pineapple	n.s.	Malaysia	27.75–83.96 mg GAE/100g	24.74–50.45 mg QE/100g	16.12–53.06 mg AAE/g TAA 5.80–10.86 mg/mL EC50 DPPH 47.92–121.89 μmol Fe²⁺/100g FRAP	n.d.	[98]
28	4 black locust, 5 buckwheat, 4 lime, 2 goldenrod, 3 heather, 10 rapeseed	n.s.	Poland	121.6–1173.8 mg GAE/kg	n.d.	0.6–6.7 FRAP mmol Fe²⁺/kg 0.2–1.4 mmol TE/kg DPPH	HPLC-DAD	[99]
40	Multiflora, lime, rape, raspberry, mixture, honeydew	n.s.	Czech	82.5–242.5 mg GAE/kg	n.d.	141.52–407.08 mg AAE/kg DPPH 489.44–982.93 mg AAE/kg ABTS 295.35–776.05 mg AAE/kg FRAP	n.d.	[100]
9	5 orange and 4 multifloral	n.s.	Brazil	40.36 and 58.05 mg GAE/100g	0.17 and 1.53 mg QE/100g	38.54 and 16.62-mg/mL EC50 DPPH	HPLC-DAD	[101]
6	B. pilosa, D. longan, L. chinensis, C. maxima, A. formosana, and 1 multiflora	n.s.	China	0.31–0.82 mg GAE/g	29.7–124 mg QE	15.2–84.9% DPPH	n.d.	[102]
20	Monoflora, multiflora and Manuka	n.s.	Florida, New Zealand	286–1080 µg GAE/g	n.d.	0.28–2.1 µmol TE/g DPPH 1.48–18.2 µmol TE/g ORAC	HPLC-UV	[103]
4	n.s.	n.s.	Algeria	15.84–61.63 mg GAE/100g	2.07–10.15 mg CE/100g	RP (graphicated)	n.d.	[55]
20	4 multiflora, 4 linden, 4 rapeseed, 2 sunflower, 1 phacelia, 3 acacia and 2 honeydew	n.s.	Serbia	n.d.	n.d.	22.96–79.45% DPPH	n.d.	[72]
49	28 eucalyptus, 6 Japanese grape, 5 mastic, 3 quitoco, 1 wildflower, 6 multiflora	A. mellifera	Brazil	26.0–100.0 mg GAE/100g	0.65–8.10 mg QE/100g	1.28–18.48 µmol TE/g ORAC 25.45–294.26 mg/mL EC50 DPPH 0.22–2.11 µmol TE/g FRAP	HPLC-UV	[104]
37	11 apple, 8 cherry, 8 saffron and 10 wild bush	n.s.	India	37–117 mg GAE/100g	8–17 mg QE/100g	55–84% DPPH 19–51 mg AAE/100g DPPH	HPLC-DAD	[105]
24	7 acacia, 8 pine, 9 multiflora	n.s.	India	22.68–59.84 mg GAE/100g	6.10–8.12 mg QE/100g	52.27–55.37% DPPH 14.13–23.74 mg AAE/100g DPPH	n.d.	[106]
16	Monoflora	n.s.	Turkey	170.06–885.43 mg GAE/100g	n.d.	0.27–2.56 mg/mL EC50 DPPH 0.51–0.62 mmol TE/g	n.d.	[107]
45	4 thyme, 10 rape, 10 mint, 6 raspberry, 9 sunflower, 6 multiflora	n.s.	Romania	18.91–23.71 mg GAE/100g	17.45–33.58 mg QE/100g	55.49–79.05% DPPH	HPLC-DAD	[75]
78	16 chestnut, 14 eucalyptus, 12 citrus, 18 sulla and 18 multiflora	n.s.	Italy	10.82–14.67 mg GAE/100g	5.09–14.05 mg QE/100g	58.40–60.42% ABTS 152.65–881.34 µM Fe² FRAP 54.29–78.73% DPPH	n.d.	[39]
14	Monoflora and 5 multiflora	n.s.	Mexico	283.9–1142.9 mg GAE/kg	n.d.	910.2–2927.4 µmol TE/kg ABTS 81.9–255 µmol TE/kg DPPH 749.4–3097.1 µmol Fe²⁺/kg FRAP	n.d.	[108]
91	53 chestnut and 38 honeydew	n.s.	Spain	125 and 128 mg GAE/100g	8.4and 9.4 mg QE/100g	58.4–68.4% DPPH	n.d.	[109]
129	Loco, opoponax-tree, alfalfa, barberry, thyme, argentine thistle and dill	n.s.	Iran	33.34–259.52 mg GAE/kg	n.d.	204.14–1383.18 μmol Fe²⁺/100g FRAP	n.d.	[110]
39	Acacia, jujube, vitex, linden, fennel, buckwheat, Manuka	n.s.	China (mainly)	9.15–294 mg GAE/100g	6.85–64.8 mg QE/100g	n.d.	UPLC-MS/MS	[19]
50	Rhododendron	n.s.	Turkey	20.29–109.19 mg GAE/100g	n.d.	21.9–58.21 mg AAE/g TAA 36.1–90.73% DPPH	n.d.	[111]
9	Mimosoideae	M. subnitida	Brazil	1.2–1.3 mg GAE/g	n.d.	10.6–12.9 mg/mL EC50 DPPH 6.1–9.7 mg/mL EC50 ABTS 51.5–74.6% BCB	HPLC-DAD	[112]
11	7 from A. mellifera and 4 from M. q. anthidioides	A. mellifera and M. q. anthidioides	Brazil	47.67–341.51 mg GAE/kg	8.88- 216.29 mg QE/kg	86.76–180.28 μmol TE/L DPPH 98.43–365.35 μmol Fe²⁺/L FRAP 1.91–19.71 μmol EBHA/L BCB	n.d.	[113]
24	Ziziphus joazeiro, Mimosa quadrivalvis L., Mimosa arenosa, Croton heliotropiifolius	M. subnitida and M. scutellaris	Brazil	31.5–126.6 mg GAE/100g	1.9–4.2 mg QE/100g	11.2–46.9% DPPH 23.2–46.9 μmol TE/100g ABTS 8.9–54.3 μmol TE/100g ORAC	HPLC-DAD	[114]
20	n.s.	n.s.	Turkey	35.3–1961.5 mg GAE/100g	5.38–26.75 mg QE/100g	54.11–68.94% DPPH 58.93–110.54 mg AAE/g TAA	n.d.	[115]
64	Honeydew	n.s.	Croatia	0.57–1.6 mg GAE/g	n.d.	12.2–48.89% DPPH	UHPLC-LTQ OrbiTrap MS and HPLC-DAD-MS/MS	[116]
82	Monoflora and multiflora	n.s.	Poland	40.5–177 mg GAE/100g	n.d.	47.2–83.4% DPPH 0.64–1.46 μmol TE/kg DPPH 6–79% ABTS	n.d.	[117]

TPC: total phenolics compounds; TFC: total flavonoids compounds; AOA: antioxidant activity; n.s.: not specified; n.d.: not determined; ¹ A.: Apis; M.: Melipona; S.: Scaptotrigona; ² GAE: gallic acid equivalents; ³ CE: catechin equivalents, QE: quercetin equivalents, RE: rutin equivalents; ⁴ TE: Trolox equivalents, AAE: ascorbic acid equivalents, Fe²⁺: FeSO₄*7H₂0 equivalents.