. 2021 Jan 7;10(1):71. doi: 10.3390/antiox10010071

Table 3.

Summary of the results from studies on antioxidant capacity in pollen and bee bread.

Sample Size	Botanical Origin ¹	Sample Type	Country	TPC ²	TFC ³	AOA ⁴	Extraction	Characterization	References
3	Cistus creticus L. (rock rose)	Pollen	Greece	15.2–60.2 mg GAE/g	6.0–57.6 mg QE/g	0.7–233.3% 200 µg/ml EC50 DPPH18.4–77.9% 100 µg/ml EC50 ABTS	Cyclohexane, dichloromethane, butanol and water	n.d.	[127]
1	n.s. (hives of A. mellifera L. bees)	Pollen	Brazil	19.69 mg GAE/g	6.81 mg QE/g	0.94 mg/ml DPPH 120.1 µmol TE/g ABTS 60.64 mmol Fe²⁺/g FRAP 91.93% BCB	Ethanol	LC-DAD	[128]
56	n.s. (hives of A. mellifera L. bees), palynological evaluation performed	Pollen	Brazil	6.5–29.2 mg GAE/g	0.3–17.5 mg QE/g	9.4–155 µmol TE/g DPPH 133–563 µmol TE/g ORAC	Ethanol	HPLC-PDA	[123]
25	n.s. (hives of Meliponini, 7 spp.)	Pollen	Brazil	6.9–21 mg GAE/g	0.3–17 mg QE/g	DPPH, BCB and FRAP (graphicated)	Ethanol	n.d.	[89]
3	n.s. (hives of T. apicalis, T. itama and T. thoracica)	Pollen	Malaysia	33.46–135.93 mg GAE/g	15.28–31.80 mg QE/g	0.86–3.24 EC50 mg/ml DPPH	Ethanol	n.d.	[129]
1	n.s., palynological evaluation performed	Pollen	Greece	10.49 mg PAE/g	n.d.	181.4 µg/ml EC50 DPPH	methanol	GC-MS	[130]
10	Heterofloral	Pollen	Turkey	509–1746 mg GAE/100g	n.d.	12.3–33.84% DPPH	Water	n.d.	[131]
4	Camellia, rape, rose and lotus	Pollen	China	6.82–62.35 mg GAE/g	n.d.	DPPH, RP and ABTS (graphicated)	Petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and water	HPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS	[132]
5	Heterofloral, palynological evaluation performed	Pollen	Portugal	10.5–16.8 mg GAE/g	n.d.	2.16–5.87 mg/ml EC50 DPPH 3.11–6.52 mg/ml BCB	Methanol	n.d.	[133]
8	Heterofloral	Pollen	Portugal-Spain	5.57–15 mg GAE /g	n.d.	119–276.8 µM TE/g ABTS	Methanol	n.d.	[118]
13	n.s.	Pollen	Turkey	44.07–124.1 mg GAE/g	n.d.	11.77–105.06 µmol TE/g EC50 FRAP 0.65–8.2 mg/ml EC50 DPPH 33.1–86.8 µmol TE/g CUPRAC	Methanol	HPLC-UV	[134]
40	Heterofloral	Pollen	Poland	5.57–15.0 mg GAE/g	n.d.	119–276.8 µM TE/g ABTS	Methanol-water (70%, v/v)	Raman and FTIR	[135]
4	n.s.	Bee bread	Lithuania	306–394 mg GAE/100g	n.d.	85–93% DPPH	Ethanol	HPLC-UV	[6]
1	n.s.	Bee bread	Morocco	n.d.	n.d.	143 mg AAE/g TAA 0.19 mg/ml EC50 RP 0.5 mg/ml EC50 ABTS 0.98 mg/ml EC50 DPPH	Methanol-water (80:20 v/v)	LC-DAD–ESI/MS	[124]
5	n.s.	Bee bread	Ukraine	12.36–25.44 mg GAE/g	13.56–18.24 µg QE/g	DPPH and TAA (graphicated)	Ethanol	n.d.	[136]
3	n.s.	Bee bread	Poland	32.78–37.15 mg GAE/g	n.d.	0.56–1.1 mmol/L ABTS (Randox test)	Ethanol	GC-MS	[21]
15	n.s. (hives of A. mellifera L. bees)	Bee bread	Colombia	2.5–13.7 mg GAE/g	1.9–4.5 mg QE/g	35.0–70.1 mmol TE/g FRAP 46.1–76.3 µmol TE/g ABTS	Ethanol	n.d.	[121]

TPC: total phenolics compounds; TFC: total flavonoids compounds; AOA: antioxidant activity; n.s.: not specified; n.d.: not determined; ¹ A.: Apis, T. Trigona; ² GAE: gallic acid equivalents; PAE: protocatechuic acid equivalents; ³ QE: quercetin equivalents; ⁴ AAE: ascorbic acid equivalents; TE: Trolox equivalents; Fe²⁺: FeSO₄*7H₂0 equivalents.