. 2021 Jan 7;10(1):71. doi: 10.3390/antiox10010071

Table 4.

Summary of the results from studies on antioxidant capacity in propolis.

Sample Size	Botanical Origin/Bee Species ¹	Propolis Type	Country	TPC ²	TFC ³	AOA ⁴	Extraction	Characterization	References
1	H. itama	n.s.	Brunei	n.d.	n.d.	12.75–317.65 mg AAE/g DPPH	Ethanol-water mixtures with different volume fractions (from 0.0 to 1.0) of ethanol (96%).	n.d.	[140]
4	n.s.	n.s.	Lithuania	211–298 mg GAE/100g	n.d.	32–80% DPPH	Ethanol	HPLC-UV	[6]
2	n.s.	green and brown	Brazil	31.88–204.30 mg GAE/g	n.d.	21.50–78.77 µg/mL EC50 DPPH	Ethanol- hexane-dichloromethane	GC-MS	[141]
1	M. orbignyi	n.s.	Brazil	211 mg GAE/100g	23 mg QE/100g	40 µg/mL EC50 DPPH	Ethanol (80%)	n.d.	[32]
6	A. mellifera	n.s.	Chile	1.3–1.6 µM CAE/mg	n.d.	0–7.3 µM CAE/mg ORAC-PGR 8.9–33.1 µM CAE/mg ORAC-FL 1.8–3.2 µM CAE/mg FRAP	Ethanol (90%) “wax free”	HPLC-UV-ESI-MS/MS	[142]
1	n.s.	green	Brazil	57.9–1614.8 mg GAE/g	n.d.	21.3–13244.5 µmolTE/g ORAC 408.6–13412.1 µmol TE/g ABTS	Best using 99% ethanol solution, 1:35 propolis:solvent ratio (w/v), over 20 min	n.d.	[143]
33	n.s.	n.s.	Brazil	n.d.	n.d.	61.9–1770 µmol Fe²⁺/g FRAP	Ethanol (80%)	FTNIR	[144]
1	n.s.	n.s.	Brazil	n.d.	n.d.	14.95–112.12 mg QE/g DPPH 0–36.28 mg QE/g β-carot	Hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol	GC–EI-MS HPLC–DAD–ESI-MS/MS and NMR	[145]
6	A. mellifera	n.s.	3 Romania, 2 Spain, 1 Honduras	97–442 mg GAE/g	n.d.	n.d.	Ethanol (70%)	HPLC-UV	[146]
10	M. mondury, M. quadrifasciata, M. scutellaris, M. seminigra, T. angustula	n.s.	Brazil	32.15–2968.54 mg GAE/100g	n.d.	176.07–5847.61 mg AAE/g o 258.24–8582.47 mg TE/100g DPPH both	Ethanol and methanol	n.d.	[147]
4	n.s.	n.s.	Portugal	n.d.	n.d.	14.41–25.24 ug/mL EC50 DPPH 161.73–251.83 ug/mL EC50 SOD 118.87–158.14 ug/mL EC50 Fe²⁺chel	Ethanol	UPLC-DAD-ESI/MS	[148]
1	n.s.	n.s.	India	269.1 and 159.1 mg GAE/g	25.50 and 57.25 mg QE/g	0.05 and 0.07 mg/mL EC50 DPPH	Ethanol (70%) and water	n.d.	[149]
n.s.	n.s.	n.s.	Portugal	5.28–6.27 mg Pinocembrin/mL	1.27–1.30 mg QE/mL	0.019–0.020 mg/mL EC50 ABTS 0.027–0.031 mg/mL EC50 DPPH 0.034–0.034 mg/mL EC50 SOD 39.5–49.9% Fe²⁺chel	Methanol, ethanol (70%) and water	n.d.	[150]
3	n.s.	n.s.	Algeria	15.84–61.63 mg GAE/100g	124.76–4946.53 mg CE/100	n.d.	Water, 50% ethanol, 85% ethanol, and 50%methanol	n.d.	[55]
11	n.s.	n.s.	Turkey	2748–19970 mg GAE/100g	3073–29175.0 mg QE/100g	1370.6–6332.9 mg TE/100g DPPH 2461.6–8580.3 mg TE/100g CUPRAC	Ethanol (70%)	LC-MS/MS	[151]
5	n.s.	n.s.	Serbia	1.45–5.31 g GAE/100mL	n.d.	0.093–0.346% EC50 DPPH	Ethanol	n.d.	[152]
48	n.s.	Poplar “orange”, “blue” and “third type”	Turkey	486.9 mg GAE/g orange 310.6 mg GAE/g blue 115.7 mg GAE/g third	265.7 mg QE/g orange 185.5 mg QE/g blue 109.53 mg QE/g third	65.64 %DPPH orange 42.22 %DPPH blue 26.49 %DPPH third	Ethanol (80%)	UHPLC–LTQ/orbitrap/MS/MS	[153]
1	n.s.	n.s.	India	5.15–20.99 mg GAE/g	8.39–14.26 mg QE/g	n.d.	Ethanol	HPTLC	[154]
9	A. mellifera, palynological identification	n.s.	Portugal	18.52–277.17 mg GAE/mL	6.34–142.32 mg CE/mL	n.d.	Water, methanol:water (80%) and ethanol:water (80%)	UV-VIS	[155]
5	n.s.	n.s.	Iraq	700–9333 µg CAE/mL	n.d.	40.0–83.3% DPPH	Methanol	HPLC–ESI/MS	[156]
1	T. itama	n.s.	Malaysia	n.d.	n.d.	90.7–99.34 % DPPH	Subsequent extractions: hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol	UV-VIS	[157]

TPC: total phenolics compounds; TFC: total flavonoids compounds; AOA: antioxidant activity; n.s.: not specified; n.d.: not determined; ¹ A: Apis; H.: Heterotrigona, M.: Melipona, T.: Trigona; ² GAE: gallic acid equivalents; CAE: caffeic acid equivalents; ³ QE: quercetin equivalents, CE: chrysin equivalents; ⁴ AAE: ascorbic acid equivalents; TE: Trolox equivalents, Fe²⁺: FeSO₄*7H₂0 equivalents.