Table 5.
Summary of the results from studies on antioxidant capacity in beeswax, royal jelly and venom.
| Sample Size | Botanical Origin/Bee Species 1 | Sample Type | Country | TPC 2 | TFC 3 | AOA 4 | Extraction | Characterization | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beeswax | |||||||||
| 1 | A. mellifera | Hydro-ethanolic extracts of honeycomb | China | 1.62 mg GAE/g | 1.62 mg/g (equivalent n.s.) | 5.91 mg/ml EC50 DPPH 1.33 mg TE/g FRAP 0.38 mg Na2EDTA/g Fe2+chel. |
Ethanol 75% | GC–MS | [161] |
| 10 | A. mellifera | Waste sediment separated from wax (5 MUD1 and 5 MUD2) | n.s. | 1435.66 and 432.66 mg GAE/100g | 295.84 and 142.17 mg CE/100g | 1.60 and 0.23 mM TE TEAC 1.93–0.59 mM TE FRAP |
Sediment with inorganic and organic waste was separated from wax honeycombs during recycling process following a heating process by steam (MUD1); the remaining wax was passed to a continuous decanter, where a fine sediment was generated (MUD2). | UPLC-DAD/ESI-MS | [20,162] |
| Royal jelly | |||||||||
| 1 | A. mellifera | Recombinant MRJPs 1–7 | South Korea | n.d. | n.d. | DPPH (about 30–80%-graphicated) | n.s. | n.d. | [29] |
| 28 | A. mellifera | 19 local and 9 commercial RJ | Romania | 23.49 and 23.25 mg GAE/g | n.d. | 37.23 and 35.94% DPPH 2.20 and 1.83 mM Fe2+/g FRAP |
Water 10% (w/v) | n.d. | [163] |
| Venom | |||||||||
| 1 | A. mellifera syriaca | Venom | Lebanon | n.d. | n.d. | 50–86.6% DPPH (from 2.5 to 500 µg/mL) | Lyophilized crude venom dissolved in 1 mL water (5 mg/mL) | LC-ESI-MS | [164] |
| 5 | A. mellifera iberiensis | Venom | Portugal | n.d. | n.d. | 346–512 µg/mL EC50 DPPH 238–326 µg/mL EC50 RP 435–826 µg/mL EC50 BCB |
Water (mg/mL) | LC/DAD/ESI-MS | [165] |
| 4 | A. mellifera, A. cerana, A. florea, A. dorsata | Venom | Thailand | n.d. | n.d. | DPPH, FRAP and ABTS (graphicated) | Various concentrations in PBS | HPLC-UV | [166] |
TPC: total phenolic compounds; TFC: total flavonoid compounds; AOA: antioxidant activity; n.s.: not specified; n.d.: not determined; 1 A.: Apis; 2 GAE: gallic acid equivalents; 3 CE: chrysin equivalents; 4 TE: Trolox equivalents; Fe2+: FeSO4*7H20 equivalents.