Table 1.

Participants, interventions, comparisons, outcomes, and study design (PICOS) criteria for inclusion and exclusion of studies.

Parameter	Inclusion Criteria	Exclusion Criteria
Population	In vivo animal studies	Human studies; in vitro studies; pregnancy and lactation; pathologies different from obesity and micronutrient deficiency
Intervention	Biofortified foods with some micronutrient or their fractions (e.g., flour, soluble extracts)	Do not correlate biofortified foods and gut microbiota; ultra-processed foods; biofortification with compounds different from vitamins and minerals; supplementation
Comparison	Standard foods, or their standard fractions; standard diet for rodents, with no biofortified foods	No control group
Outcomes	Modulation of the health gut microbiota and decrease of pathogenic bacteria
Study design	Experimental placebo-controlled studies	In vitro studies; reviews; consensus papers; letters to editor; books; book chapters; theses and dissertations; non- animal studies; studies with more than 10 years from publication date