Table 2.

Chemical constituents of Tualang, Gelam and Kelulut honeys.

Chemical Constituent	Tualang Honey	Gelam Honey	Kelulut Honey
Total sugar content (g/100 g)	63.60–72.94 [29,32,36]	64.93–72.57 [30,32,36]	65.83–71.65 [31,33,34,36]
Reducing sugar (g/100 g)	61.94 [29]	62.17 ± 0.73 [30]	No report found
Sucrose (g/100 g)	˂0.01–1.66 [29,32,36]	˂0.01–2.77 [30,32]	˂0.01–32.30 [31,33,35,36]
Glucose (g/100 g)	30.07–47.134 [32,36]	32.85–50.447 [32,36]	9.22–23.44 [31,33,35,36]
Fructose (g/100 g)	41.732–44.56 [32,36]	44.908–44.74 [32,36]	15–22.05 [31,33,35,36]
Maltose (g/100 g)	4.491 [32]	1.291 [32]	0–27.41 [31,33]
Protein content (g/kg)	3.6–6.6 [29,32,36]	3.14–7.0 [30,32,36]	3.9–8.5 [33,34,36]
Proline content (mg/kg)	248.53 ± 1.33 [29]	261.33 ± 1.33 [30]	No report found
Mineral content (mg/kg)
Sodium	268.23–704.5 [28,36]	196.84–666.0 [28,36]	589.7 [36]
Potassium	976.9–1576.40 [28,36]	1132.2–1363.40 [28,36]	732.2 [36]
Calcium	76.4–165.10 [28,36]	177.9–275.77 [28,36]	191.9 [36]
Iron	11.17–128.13 [28,36]	8.45–142.37 [28,36]	6.57 [36]
Magnesium	35.03–71.04 [28,36]	31.63–49.38 [28,36]	33.81 [36]
Zinc	2.28–13.20 [28,36]	1.45–29.23 [28,36]	2.162 [36]
Arsenic	0.051–0.062 [28,36]	0.064–0.070 [28,36]	0.019 [36]
Lead	0.183–0.231 [28,36]	0.145–0.777 [28,36]	0.154 [36]
Cadmium	0–0.004 [28,36]	0.005–0.05 [28,36]	0.002 [36]
Copper	1.25–2.144 [28,36]	2.089–2.21 [28,36]	1.776 [36]
Cobalt	0.033 ± 0.002 [28]	0.082 ± 0.005 [28]	No report found
Total phenolic content mg/kg (gallic acid)	251.7–1103.94 [16,21,29,37,38]	606.17–1597.43 [16,21,38]	477.30–614.7 [31,33]
Total flavonoid content	49.04–185.11 (rutin) [16,21] 65.65 (catechin) [29] 504.5 (quercetin) [38]	183.43–328.86 (rutin) [16,21] 461.1 (quercetin) [38]	36.3 (quercetin)