Table 5.

Summary of anti-microbial properties.

Type of Honey	Type of Study	Findings	References
Tualang honey	In vivo	Topical gentamicin, topical Tualang honey and the combination of the two all showed similar clinical and anti-microbial effects in treating Pseudomonas-induced keratitis in rabbits.	[89]
Tualang and Gelam honey	In vitro	Tualang and Gelam honeys showed antibacterial activity against common human pathogenic bacteria, namely Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Klebsiella pneumoniae, including vancomycin-resistant enterococci, with Gelam honey showing the highest antibacterial effect amongst the tested Malaysian honey samples.	[83]
Tualang honey	Human	Tualang honey demonstrated bactericidal and bacteriostatic effects for partial-thickness burn wounds. It is useful as a dressing, as it is easier to apply and is less sticky than Manuka honey. However, for Gram-positive bacteria, Tualang honey is not as effective as usual care products, such as silver-based dressing or medical-grade honey dressing.	[90]
Tualang honey	In vitro	Pediococcus acidilactici, a lactic acid bacteria strain, was isolated from Tualang honey; it possessed antifungal activity against pathogenic candida species.	[93]
Gelam, Kelulut and Tualang	In vitro	Malaysian honey, namely Gelam, Kelulut, and Tualang, exhibited high antibacterial potency derived from total and non-peroxide activities, indicating that peroxide and other constituents are mutually important as contributing factors to the antibacterial property of honey.	[9]
Tualang honey	In vitro	Tualang honey demonstrated variable activities against different microorganisms but within the same range as with Manuka honey. Tualang showed higher antibacterial effect on A. baumannii and S. maltophilia.	[91]
Tualang honey	In vitro	Tualang honey showed antibacterial activity against E. coli, S. typhi, and S. pyogenes, with the most potent activity observed against S. typhi. However, it was merely ineffective against S. sonnei, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus.	[82]
Gelam and Tualang honey	In vitro	Gelam and Tualang honeys have been found to contain Lactobacillus acidophilus, with anti-microbial activity against multiple antibiotic-resistant S. aureus, S. epidermis and Bacillus subtilis. The anti-microbial compounds found were stable to heating, proteolytic enzyme treatment and pH adjustments.	[88]
Tualang honey	Human	Tualang honey administration, especially at 40 and 60 g daily doses for 6 months in asymptomatic patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), reduced viral load and improved the CD4 counts and quality of life of these patients.	[92]