AD	adipose tissue
AF	amniotic fluid
BFP-1	bone-forming peptides-1
BFR	blood flow rate
BMPs	bone morphogenetic proteins
CB	cord blood
CS	chitosan
CSDs	critical size defects
DCC	dicyclohexyl-carbodiimide
DLS	dynamic light scattering
ECM	extracellular matrix
EDC	1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide
FGF	fibroblast growth factor
G-CSF	granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
Gel MA	methacrylate
GSNO	S-nitrosoglutathione
HA	hyaluronic acid
HA–ALG	hyaluronic acid–alginate
HAP	hydroxyapatite
hASC	human adipose-derived stem cells
hBMSC	human bone marrow stem cell
hGMSCs	human gingival mesenchymal stem cell
hIPSC	human-induced pluripotent stem cells
HMG-CoA	3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A
hUCMSC	human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells
IGF	insulin-like growth factor
MBG	mesoporous bioactive glasses
MC	methylcellulose
MSCs	mesenchymal stem cells
MSNs	mesoporous silica nanoparticles
NTA	nanoparticle tracking analysis
OHA	oxidative hyaluronic acid
PCL	polycapronolactone
pDA	polydopamine
pDA	polydopamine-coating
PDGF	platelet-derived growth factors
PECL	poly (epsilon-caprolactone)
PEGDA	polyethylene glycol diacrylate
PIC	photoinduced imine cross-linking gel
PLA	polylactide
PLGA	poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)
PMSC	placental mesenchymal stem cell derived
POC	preosteoclast
S1P	sphingosine 1-phosphate
TCP	tri-calcium phosphate
TGF	transforming growth factor
VD	vascular density
WJ	Wharton’s jelly