Table 1.
Important previous or ongoing clinical trials with inflammatory cytokine gene therapies.
| Cytokine Genes | Transfer Vector | Cancer Applications | Phase | Key Publication or clinicaltrials.gov No. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TNF | TNF-α | Adenovirus | Prostate cancer | II | NCT01048151 |
| TNF-α | Adenovirus | Pancreatic cancer | III | NCT00051467 | |
| TNF-α | Adenovirus | Esophagus cancer | II | NCT00051480 | |
| TNF-α | Adenovirus | Head and neck cancer | I/II | NCT00496535 | |
| TNF-α | Adenovirus | Rectal cancer | II | NCT00137878 | |
| TNF-α | Adenovirus | Melanoma | II | NCT00261404 | |
| TNF-α and IL-2 | Adenovirus | Melanoma | I | NCT04217473 | |
| IL | IL-12 | Adenovirus | Glioma | I | NCT02026271 [36] |
| IL-12 | Adenovirus | Breast cancer | II | NCT04095689 | |
| IL-2 | Plasmid | Head and neck cancer | I | [73] | |
| IL-2 | Adenovirus | Prostate cancer | I | [74] | |
| IL-2 | Plasmid | Prostate cancer | I | [75] | |
| IL-2 | Cationic lipid | Renal cancer | I/II | [76] | |
| IFN | IFN-α2b | Adenovirus | Bladder cancer | II | [77] NCT01687244 |
| IFN-α2b | Adenovirus | Mesothelioma | I | [78] NCT01119664 |
|
| IFN-β | Adenovirus | Glioma | I | [79] | |
| IFN-β | Adenovirus | Pleural malignancies | I | NCT00299962 | |
| GM-CSF | GM-CSF | Vaccinia virus | Melanoma | Not reported | [80] |
| GM-CSF | Oncolytic virus | Head and neck cancer; breast cancer; melanoma; gastrointestinal cancer | I | [81] | |
| GM-CSF | Oncolytic virus | Melanoma | II | [82] | |
| GM-CSF | Oncolytic virus | Melanoma | III | [83] |