Table 1.
Effect of xylitol on plasma concentrations of CCK, aGLP-1, PYY, GIP and motilin.
| Parameters | A: Placebo (n = 12) |
B: Xylitol 7 g (n = 12) |
C: Xylitol 17 g (n = 12) |
D: Xylitol 35 g (n = 12) |
p-Values (Overall) |
p-Values (post-hoc) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CCK | Fasting values (pmol/L) | 1.1 ± 0.8 | 1.0 ± 0.6 | 1.0 ± 1.1 | 0.9 ± 0.7 | NS | |
| iAUC (0–60 min) (pmol × min/L) | 0.6 ± 32.6 | 12.1 ± 27.6 | 71.8 ± 30.2 | 150.8 ± 102.8 | p < 0.001 | A vs. C: p < 0.001 A vs. D: p = 0.002 B vs. C: p = 0.009 B vs. D: p = 0.010 |
|
| iAUC (0–180 min) (pmol × min/L) | −29.2 ± 108.9 | 27.1 ± 112.4 | 49.7 ± 89.4 | 222.2 ± 187.6 | p = 0.026 | A vs. D: p = 0.023 | |
| iCmax (pmol/L) | 0.6 ± 0.6 | 1.4 ± 1.1 | 3.0 ± 1.2 | 5.1 ± 3.1 | p < 0.001 | A vs. C: p < 0.001 A vs. D: p = 0.002 B vs. C: p = 0.009 B vs. D: p = 0.010 |
|
| Tmax (min) | 40.0 ± 52.1 | 32.5 ± 41.4 | 15.0 ± 0.0 | 25.0 ± 30.2 | NS | ||
| iCmin (pmol/L) | −0.7 ± 0.6 | −0.5 ± 0.4 | −0.6 ± 0.7 | −0.2 ± 0.4 | NS | ||
| Tmin (min) | 90.0 ± 56.1 | 113.8 ± 74.4 | 127.5± 62.8 | 80.0 ± 86.1 | NS | ||
| aGLP | Fasting values (pmol/L) | 3.6 ± 1.9 | 4.9 ± 2.5 | 5.0 ± 3.4 | 5.9 ± 3.8 | NS | |
| iAUC (0–60 min) (pmol × min/L) | 66.5 ± 119.1 | 160.6 ± 170.2 | 254.7 ± 182.2 | 447.0 ± 332.1 | p = 0.002 | A vs. C: p = 0.008 A vs. D: p = 0.006 |
|
| iAUC (0–180 min) (pmol × min/L) | 71.8 ± 269.4 | 53.6 ± 392.4 | 215.1 ± 330.4 | 553.5 ± 612.8 | NS | ||
| iCmax (pmol/L) | 3.5 ± 2.8 | 6.9 ± 5.4 | 8.2 ± 4.2 | 13.0 ± 7.3 | p = 0.002 | A vs. C: p = 0.013 A vs. D: p = 0.003 |
|
| Tmax (min) | 31.3 ± 49.3 | 28.8 ± 30.3 | 25.0 ± 14.8 | 28.8 ± 30.3 | NS | ||
| iCmin (pmol/L) | −1.4 ± 1.0 | −2,5 ± 2.5 | −2.1 ± 2.5 | −1.9 ± 2.6 | NS | ||
| Tmin (min) | 98.8 ± 60.2 | 112.5 ± 69.0 | 91.3 ± 79.0 | 105.0 ± 84.4 | NS | ||
| PYY | Fasting values (pmol/mL) | 18.7 ± 6.3 | 17.0 ± 6.8 | 20.5 ± 9.2 | 17.2 ± 6.2 | NS | |
| iAUC (0–60 min) (pmol × min/L) | 5.6 ± 240.0 | 159.3 ± 241.4 | 263.1 ± 380.6 | 780.8 ± 378.6 | p < 0.001 | A vs. D: p = 0.002 B vs. D: p < 0.001 C vs. D: p = 0.005 |
|
| iAUC (0–180 min) (pmol × min/L) | −256.5 ± 775.1 | 537.1 ± 935.6 | 835.9 ± 1420.4 | 3148.2 ± 2037.9 | p = 0.004 | A vs. D: p = 0.003 B vs. D: p < 0.015 C vs. D: p = 0.007 |
|
| iCmax (pmol/L) | 5.1 ± 3.6 | 13.3 ± 7.4 | 12.5 ± 8.9 | 25.7 ± 12.4 | p = 0.001 | A vs. B: p = 0.030 A vs. D: p = 0.002 C vs. D: p = 0.024 |
|
| Tmax (min) | 30.0 ± 15.7 | 91.4 ± 47.6 | 72.3 ± 54.4 | 88.8 ± 72.8 | p < 0.001 | A vs. B: p = 0.009 | |
| iCmin (pmol/L) | −8.4 ± 6.6 | −6.9 ± 6.7 | −4.4 ± 5.9 | −0.3 ± 0.8 | p = 0.007 | A vs. D: p = 0.012 | |
| Tmin (min) | 115.0 ± 52.5 | 111.8 ± 82.0 | 47.7 ± 63.9 | 30.0 ± 70.1 | p = 0.030 | A vs. D: p = 0.047 | |
| GIP | Fasting values (pmol/L) | 17.6 ± 7.67 | 18.12 ± 8.93 | 17.51 ± 7.16 | 17.36 ± 5.44 | NS | |
| iAUC (0–60 min) (pmol × min/L) | −120.8 ± 295.6 | −160.92 ± 234.1 | −307.6 ± 194.2 | −138.2 ± 191.8 | NS | ||
| iAUC (0–180 min) (pmol × min/L) | −710.9 ± 1186.3 | −749.4 ± 925.1 | −990.7 ± 815.0 | −871.5 ± 727.1 | NS | ||
| iCmax (pmol/L) | 3.1 ± 4.6 | 3.0 ± 3.1 | 3.2 ± 4.3 | 3.1 ± 3.5 | NS | ||
| Tmax (min) | 37.5 ± 43.6 | 56.3 ± 58.7 | 65.0 ± 70.7 | 30.0 ± 53.5 | NS | ||
| iCmin (pmol/L) | −8.9 ± 6.3 | −9.2 ± 6.3 | −10.8 ± 5.3 | −8.7 ± 4.3 | NS | ||
| Tmin (min) | 122.5 ± 62.9 | 117.5 ± 67.3 | 102.5 ± 54.6 | 123.8 ± 46.2 | NS | ||
| Motilin | Fasting values (pg/mL) | 483 ± 136 | 470 ± 79 | 489 ± 108 | 428 ± 136 | NS | |
| iAUC (0–60 min) (pg × min/mL) | 1957 ± 6146 | 3392 ± 3231 | 896 ± 4037 | 2973 ± 4027 | NS | ||
| iAUC (0−180 min) (pg × min/mL) | −182 ± 10963 | 4091 ± 6991 | −1493 ± 11287 | 8074 ± 11825 | NS | ||
| iCmax (pg/mL) | 117.3 ± 116.6 | 165.6 ± 92.0 | 119.0 ± 79.2 | 131.4 ± 75.6 | NS | ||
| Tmax (min) | 40.0 ± 23.4 | 43.8 ± 54.4 | 36.3 ± 37.5 | 52.5 ± 53.3 | NS | ||
| iCmin (pg/mL) | −81.9 ± 51.8 | −67.8 ± 33.9 | −102.3 ± 78.5 | −45.0 ± 45.0 | NS | ||
| Tmin (min) | 2.3 ± 56.3 | 21.8 ± 76.9 | 30.5 ± 91.7 | 45.4 ± 76.1 | NS | ||
Data are expressed as mean ± SD and reported from baseline (incremental). Statistical tests: Linear mixed-effects modeling followed by Šidak post-hoc test in case of overall significance. aGLP-1, active glucagon-like peptide-1; CCK, cholecystokinin; GIP, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide; PYY, peptide tyrosine tyrosine.