Table 2.

Determinants of beta diversity. Results of PERMANOVA testing for the predictors that significantly structure the gut microbiome of geladas, using 10,000 permutations and the Aitchison dissimilarity distance between samples. The R-squared values indicate the amount of between-sample variation explained by each variable.

Factor	R2 (%)	p value
Individuala	20.25	< 0.001
Sequencing depthb	3.77	< 0.001
Unitb	5.84	< 0.001
Cumulative rainfallb	3.30	< 0.001
Minimum temperatureb	0.33	< 0.001
Sexb	0.23	0.012
Ageb	0.19	0.045

^aWe first fit a model with individual identity as the only predictor in a PERMANOVA to estimate the sole effect of individual identity at explaining the overall gut composition of samples

^bWe then fit a second PERMANOVA model where all other predictors were fit, stratifying on individual identity to control for pseudoreplication of samples from the same individual