Table 1.

Studies on the chemical composition of extracts from different parts of Rhus coriaria are illustrated in the table below.

Plant Part	Extract Type	Technique	Main Results	Ref.
Fruits	Petroleum ether extract	GC-MS	Fatty acids (oleic, linoleic, palmitic, and stearic acids) were present.	[12]
Leaves	Ethereal extract	Coloring method	Myricetin is the coloring agent of sumac. Also, gallic acid was identified in the extract.	[14]
Fruits	Aqueous Extract	HPLC	Organic acids (malic, citric, fumaric, and tartaric) were identified.	[16]
		GC	Fatty acid mainly oleic acid, linoleic acid, and palmitic acid were identified.
Fruits	Methanolic extract	HPLC–DAD–ESI-MS/MS	The first extensive study of the phenolic and other phytochemical components of sumac fruit extract, where 211 compounds were identified.	[17]
Leaves	Ethyl acetate and methanol extracts	Paper chromatography	The flavonols quercetin, myricetin, and kaempferol were identified. Additionally, gallic acid, methyl gallate, m-digallic acid, and ellagic acid were identified as part of tannins.	[18]
Leaves	Ethyl acetate and methanol extracts	Paper chromatography, UV, and IR	Polyphenolic components of gallotannins were purely isolated.	[19]
Leaves	Ethyl acetate extract	Column chromatography	The presence of flavonoid glycosides was proved.	[20]
	Aqueous acetone extract	Partition solvent extraction	Methyl gallate was identified.
Leaves	-	Liquid chromatography	The presence of monomeric flavonols (kaempferol, quercetin, and myricetin and rutin) and dimeric flavonoids (agathisflavone, amenthoflavone, hinokiflavone, and surnaflavone).	[21]
Leaves	Benzine extract	HPTLC	Polyisoprenoids were identified and they consisted of polyprenol homologs with 10–13 isoprene units. The dominant prenols were undecaprenols.	[22]
		GC-MS
Leaves	Benzine extract	HPLC	Oxidized product of hexaprenol and the ester of tridecaprenol with linoleic acid were present in the fraction of the extract. The polyprenols content in the leaves was 2.5% of the air-dried leaf mass.	[23]
		ESI PI-MS
Leaves	Aqueous extract	FIA	Ten gallotannins mono- to deca-galloyl glycosides of the class of hydrolysable tannins were identified. Coextracted flavonoid derivatives including myricetin, quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside, myricetin-3-O-glucoside, myricetin-3-O-glucuronide, and myricetin-3-O-rhamnoglucoside were also identified.	[24]
		HPLC
		ESI–HR-MS/MS2
Fruits	Phenolic fraction	Column chromatography	The presence of polyphenols: (flavonols, phenolic acids, hydrolysable tannins, and anthocyans) and organic acids (malic, citric, fumaric, and tartaric).	[25]
Fruits	Ethanolic extract	UV	Protocatechuic acid, isoquercitrin, and myricetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnoside were identified for the first time. Previously reported phenol acids and flavonoids, gallic acid, methyl gallate, kaempferol, and quercetin were identified.	[26]
		MS
		IR
		NMR
Fruits	Methanolic extract	HPLC-MS	191 compounds were identified in sumac fruit including: 78 hydrolysable tannins, 59 flavonoid, 9 anthocyanins, and 40 other compounds such as butein.	[27]
Fruits	Methanolic extract	HPLC–MS	The presence of three different groups was identified. Anthocyanins: (cyanidin, peonidin, pelargonidin, petunidin, and delphinidin glucosides and coumarates), hydrolysable tannins: (pentagalloyl glucose) and phenolics: (gallic acid)	[28]
Leaves and fruits	Ethanolic and aqueous extracts	UPLC-PDA-ESI/MS	7-methyl-cyanidin 3-galactoside and gallic acid derivatives were identified. Anthocyanins were concentrated in sumac fruit.	[29]
Fruits	Ethanolic extract	LC-DAD-MS/MS	The presence of Phenolic compounds mainly gallic acid was proved.	[30]
		GC-MS	Identification of volatiles (β-pinene, octanal, limonene, nonanal, β-caryophyllene, and humulene) and fatty acids (oleic, palmitic, and linoleic acids).
Fruits	Ethanolic extract	RRLC-DAD-ESI/MS	Gallicin, gallic acid, glucogallic acid, quercitrin, isohyperoside, myricetin glucuronide, tri-galloyl-hexoside, penta-galloyl-hexoside, myricetin rutinoside, dihydroxy-methyl xanthone, β-sitosterol-hexoside, α-tocopherol, linoleic acid.	[31]
-	Acetone extract	GC-MS	Alkaloid, tannin, saponins, and terpenoids and significant amounts of flavonoids and polyphenols were found in sumac.	[32]