Table 3.

Reported antioxidant and pharmacological activities of different parts of Rhus coriaria L.

Pharmacological Activities	Plant Part Used	Used Extract	Main Results	Ref.
Antibacterial activity	-	Acetone extract	Rhus coriaria was been reported to possess an antiparasitic activities against several piroplasm parasites, Babesia bovis, B. bigemina, B. divergens, B. caballi, and Theileria equi with an IC50 of 85 µg/mL, 55 µg/mL, 90 µg/mL, 85 µg/mL, and 78 µg/mL, respectively.	[32]
	Fruits	Aqueous extract	Rhus coriaria works as a stabilizing agent for the synthesis of copper nanoparticles. The synthesized CuNPs exhibited decent bacterial activity against E. coli, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.	[59]
	Fruits	Hydroalcoholic extract	Sumac extract showed bactericidal effects against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Enterococcus faecalis. It also inhibited the growth of both promastigotes and amastigotes with IC50 of 147 µg/mL and 233 µg/mL, respectively.	[60]
	Fruits	Lyophilized hydrophilic extract	A concentration of 5 and 10 mg/mL of sumac significantly inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).	[61]
	Fruits	Essential oil extract	A concentration of 3 mg/mL significantly inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and a concentration of 15 mg/mL was required to inhibit the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis.	[62]
	Fruits	Ethanolic extract	Rhus coriaria inhibited the growth of Salmonella enteric and Staphylococcus aureus with a MIC of 0.78%.	[63]
	Fruits	Methanolic extract	Rhus coriaria extract at a concentration of 6 mg/mL inhibited Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation by 77%.	[64]
	Fruits	Methanol, acetone, alcohol and aqueous extracts	All sumac extracts at a concentration of 5 to 100 µg/mL exhibited the growth of P. syringae and R. solanacearum. P. syringae showed the most sensitivity to sumac, with MIC of 0.937 μg/mL while the MIC for R. solanacearum was 1.875 μg/mL.	[65]
	Epicarp of the fruits	Ethyl acetate extract	Sumac extract showed a strong inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus Escherichia coli.	[66]
	Fruits	Aqueous extract	Sumac extract inhibited Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation with an MIC of 1.56 mg/mL.	[67]
	Fruits	Aqueous extract	Rhus coriaria had an antimicrobial activity against coliforms, Listeria. Monocytogenes.	[68]
	Fruits	Aqueous extract	Sumac extract inhibited the growth of Streptococcus sanguinis, S. salivarius, and S. mutans with a MIC of 1.562 mg/mL, of Escherichia faecalis with a MIC of 0.78 mg/mL and of S. sobrinus of a MIC of 0.39 mg/mL.	[69]
	Fruits	Aqueous extract	Rhus coriaria exhibited a substantial growth inhibition effect on Staphylococcus aureus in vitro and in vivo with a MIC of 0.025%	[70]
	Fruits	Water, methanolic and ethanolic extracts	Rhus coriaria ethanolic extract showed the highest growth inhibition activity against (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), multi-drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), Proteus vulgaris, and Klebsiella pneumoniae with a MIC of 1.25 mg/mL.	[71]
	Fruits	Aqueous extract	Sumac extract inhibited the following Gram (+) bacteria, Bacillus cereus, B. megaterium, B. subtilis, and B. thuringiensis with an MIC of 0.25–0.32%, Staphylococcus aureus with a MIC 0f 0.49% and Listeria monocytogenes with a MIC of 0.67%. It also efficiently inhibited Gram (-) bacteria, Escherichia coli Type I, E. coli O157:H7, Proteus vulgaris and Hafnia alvei, Citrobacter freundii with a MIC of 0.63%, 0.60%, 0.55%, 0.45% and 0.42%, respectively.	[72]
Antidiabetic activity	Seeds	Hydro-alcoholic extract	Rhus coriaria extract (300 mg/kg) significantly decrease the level of glucose and cholesterol and decreased in diabetic mice.	[73]
	Fruits	Powder	Supplementation of Rhus coriaria in the diet of type II diabetic women increased total antioxidant capacity, and significantly decreased insulin resistance index, blood glucose anthropometric measures (weight, body mass index)	[74]
	Fruits	Powder	Daily intake of 6 g of sumac powder decreased fasting serum insulin level and insulin resistance in patients with type II diabetes.	[75]
	Fruits	Lyophilized hydrophilic extract	Diabetic rats treated orally with Sumac extract (11, 250 and 500 mg/kg) for 21 days showed a significant decrease in the level of blood glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol, high-density (HDL-c) and low-density (LDL-c) lipoprotein. Additionally, sumac extract caused a significant decreased the level of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and α-glucosidase activity while it increased the level of insulin in serum of diabetic rats.	[76]
	Fruits	Aqueous extract	Sumac extract (ED50 of 11.5 ± 2.57 mg/mL) led to a significant decrease in the levels of blood glucose, LDL-c and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in diabetic rats.	[77]
	Fruits	Powder	Type II Diabetic patients consuming 3.0 g sumac powder daily over 3 months showed a significant decrease in serum glucose and in the levels of HbA1-c and Aapo-B and a significant increase in the levels of HbA1-c and total antioxidant capacity.	[78]
	Seeds	Methanolic extract	Sumac (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) administered orally daily for 5 weeks reduced the elevated levels of blood glucose, Hb1A-c and insulin in STZ-induced type II diabetes in rats. Sumac also significantly reduced the levels of blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and very low-density lipoproteins cholesterol (VLDL-C), while it significantly increased the level of (HDL-C)	[79,80]
	Fruits	Ethanol extract	Alloxan-induced diabetic Wistar rats treated orally with sumac extract (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) showed an efficient decrease in blood glucose only after one-hour treatment. Long term treatment (21 days) led to a significant reduction in the levels of postprandial blood glucose (PBG), LDL-C and significantly increased the level of HDL-C. It also increased the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities and inhibited the activities of maltase and sucrase.	[80]
	Fruits	Ethyl acetate extract	Ethyl acetate fraction of sumac fruits showed appreciable biological activity through α-amylase inhibition at an IC50 of 28.7 µg/mL highlighting potential hypoglycemic activity.	[81]
	Fruits	Aqueous extract	Sumac extract (100 and 200 μg/mL) moderately inhibited the growth of Candida albicans with a zone of inhibition > 8 mm. In addition, sumac (100 μg/mL) was able to significantly inhibit the adhesion of Candida albicans to the human HEp-2 epithelial cells in vitro.	[82]
Antifungal activity	Fruits	Aqueous extract	Sumac extract (100 and 200 μg/mL) moderately inhibited the growth of Candida albicans with a zone of inhibition > 8 mm. In addition, sumac (100 μg/mL) was able to significantly inhibit the adhesion of Candida albicans to the human HEp-2 epithelial cells in vitro.	[82]
	Seeds	Methanolic and Cream extract	Sumac methanolic extract (19 μg/mL) showed a significant antifungal activity against four dermatophytes (Microsporum canis, M. gypseum, Trichophton equinum, and T. mentagrophyte) responsible for dermatophytosis in human and animal. In addition, sumac cream (5%) applied daily for 10 days to Arabian horses with dermatophytosis led to a total healing from this infection after 28 days post-treatment.	[83]
	Fruits	Aqueous extract	Rhus coriaria fruit extracts at a MIC of 5 μg/mL inhibited the growth of Colletotrichum acutatum responsible for the anthracnose disease in tomato.	[84]
	Seeds	Ethanolic extract	Isolated new xanthone compounds from the seeds of Rhus coriaria possess antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus.	[85]
	Leaf	Alcoholic extract	Rhus coriaria efficiently inhibited the growth of Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger with a MIC of 1 mg/mL and 0.5 mg/mL, respectively.	[86]
Antioxidant activity	Fruits	Methanolic extract	Sumac extract at concentration 1.0%, 3.0%, and 5.0% (wt./vol.) inhibited the formation of hydroperoxide and increase oxidative stability in peanut oil.	[13]
	Fruits	Lyophilized extracts	Sumac (100, 250, and 500 mg/kg) possesses antihemototoxic and antioxidant properties against STZ-induced diabetes mellitus rat model.	[30]
	Fruits	Ethanolic extract	Sumac extract (25 μg/mL) decreased UV-A-Induced ROS production in UV-A-treated human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1). Also, sumac extract significantly reduced UV-A induced DNA damage in HMEC-1 cells.	[45]
	Fruits	Ethanolic extract	Sumac ethyl acetate fraction (IC50 2.57 μg/mL) showed a strong antioxidant activity and exhibited the efficient protective effect against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress. Sumac crude ethanolic extract (1 and 3 μg/mL) protected human myoblast from H2O2-induced oxidative stress and restored their adhesion ability impaired by H2O2. Also, Sumac fraction protected zebrafish embryos from hydrogen peroxide-induced death in vivo.	[46]
	Fruits	Aqueous extract	Sumac extract (75 and 100 μg/mL) protected isolated rat hepatocyte against all oxidative stress induced by cumene hydroperoxide (CHP). Sumac extract protected rat hepatocytes against ROS generation, lipid peroxidation, glutathione depletion, mitochondrial membrane potential decrease, lysosomal membrane oxidative damage, and cellular proteolysis. In addition, sumac extract showed a strong H2O2 scavenging activity.	[56]
	Seeds	Hydroalcoholic extract	Sumac extract (200, 400, 800 mg/kg) administered orally or intraperitonially increased the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in Wistar rats treated with sumac alone or in combination with morphine.	[87]
	Fruits	Aqueous extract	Sumac administered orally at a dose of 2 mL/kg per day prevented intestinal tissue damage in rat pups with induced necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) through free radical scavenging activity and reduction of TNF-α and IL-6 levels.	[88]
	Fruits	Methanolic extract	Sumac (2 g/kg) showed a significant antigenotoxic activity against the genotoxic effect of urethane in rats.	[89]
	Fruits	Aqueous extract	Rhus coriaria alone and Rhus coriaria-synthesized nanoparticles showed a significant antioxidant activity using (ABTS•+) and (DPPH) assays.	[90]
	Leaf	Aqueous extract	Rhus coriaria water extract showed a high antioxidant capacity (Table 2). In particular, the antioxidant activity was 725.75 and 41.27 mg Trolox equivalent (TE)/g of water extract when the ABTS radical scavenging and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays were used. Also, Rhus coriaria-fortified yogurt showed a significant increase in antioxidant activity in comparison with plain yogurt.	[91]
	-	Ethanolic extract	Sumac extract with IC50 of 29.89 μg/mL exhibited a strong antioxidant activity in DPPH radical scavenging assay. In addition, sumac significantly inhibited thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) formation.	[92]
	Fruits	Acetone and ethanol extracts	Sumac acetone extract, rich in polyphenol content, showed a higher antioxidant activity compared to sumac ethanolic extract.	[93]
	-	Aqueous extract	Sumac extract (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) decreased malondialdehyde, a marker of oxidative stress, while it increased catalase activities in the liver and kidney in alloxan-induced diabetic Wistar rats. Also, sumac extract was able to significantly reduce blood glucose in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.	[94]
	Fruits	Ethanolic extract	Orogastrically administered sumac (20 mg/kg/day) to Wistar rats with Ligature-induced periodontitis reduced alveolar bone loss by affecting RANKL/OPG balance, total oxidant status and oxidative stress index levels in the treated rats.	[95]
	Fruits	Powder	Daily consumption of sumac extract for 90 days increased the total antioxidant status (TAS) and albumins while it decreased cholesterol levels in in adult male rabbits.	[96]
	Fruits	Aqueous extract	Sumac showed a strong antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity. Sumac water extract of scavenged radicals effectively with EC50 of 36.4 μg/mL for DPPH free radical and 44.7 μg/mL for DMPD cation radical.	[97]
	Leaf	Ethanolic extract	Sumac extract (10, 100, and 200 μg/mL) reduced the levels of ROS, NO, and PGE2 production induced by IL-1β in Human articular chondrocyte. Furthermore, sumac alleviated the inhibitory effect of IL-1β on the synthesis of glycosaminoglycans in the human chondrocytes.	[98]
	Fruits	Methanolic extract	Sumac methanolic extract showed considerable antioxidant scavenging activity against free superoxide radicals (IC50 282.92 μg/mL), hydroxyl radicals (IC50 3.85 g/mL) and lipid peroxidation (IC50 1.2 g/mL) in vitro.	[99]
	Fruits	Methanolic extract	Rhus coriaria extract, acts as an uncompetitive inhibitor of xanthine oxidase and scavenger of superoxide radical in vitro with IC50 values of 172.5 μg/mL and 232 μg/mL, respectively.	[100]
Antinociceptive activity	Leaf	Hydro-alcoholic extract	Rhus coriaria showed a considerable antinociceptive activity in Wistar rats. Sumac extract (300 mg/kg) injected intraperitoneally to Wistar rats caused a significant reduction in writhing number caused by acetic acid, an increase in tail-flick latency, and decreased pain score in both acute and chronic phases in the formalin test.	[101]
Cardioprotective and antidyslipidemia activity	Fruits	Ethanolic extract	Rhus coriaria extract (0.3–1.0 mg/mL) induced a concentration-dependent endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation of rat aorta. The sumac-dependent vasorelaxation was achieved via stimulation of multiple transducers namely PI3-K/Akt, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), NO, guanylyl cyclase, cGMP, and PKG.	[102]
	Fruits	Powder	The consumption of sumac (500 mg, twice daily) for 4 weeks led to a significant decrease in the body mass index (0.21 ± 0.075 kg/m2), systolic blood pressure (1.87 ± 0.83 mm Hg), diastolic blood pressure (1.32 ± 0.46 mm Hg), and total cholesterol (14.42 ± 4.95 mmol/L) while significantly increased the flow-mediated dilation (−0.23 ± 0.065%) in adult patients with hyperlipidemia.	[103]
	Fruits	Powder	Rhus coriaria supplementation, at a dose of 1 g/day for 6 weeks, in patients with hyperlipidemia showed significant increases in HDL-C and Apo-A1 levels.	[102,104]
	Fruits	Powder	The consumption of sumac powder (500 mg, three times daily) for 4 weeks led to a significant reduction of total cholesterol, LDL-C, and triglyceride in obese adolescents with dyslipidemia.	[105]
	Fruits	Methanolic extract	The levels of total cholesterol and triglyceride were significantly reduced in hypercholesterolemic rats treated with sumac extract (100 and 200 mg/kg/day) for 15 days. Also, the level of serum of two injury marker exams, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase, were reverted to near normal in rats fed with high cholesterol diet.	[106]
	Leaf	Hydro-alcoholic extract	Hydrolysable tannins isolated from Rhus coriaria leaves induced a dose-dependent normalization of coronary perfusion pressure, reduced left ventricular contracture during ischemia, and improved left ventricular developed pressure and the maximum rate of rise and fall of left ventricular pressure at reperfusion in male rabbits. The cardiovascular protective effect of sumac could be attributed to COX pathway activation, TNF-α inhibition, eNOS activation, and free radical and ROS scavenging.	[107]
	-	Grounded dry sumac	Tannin extracted from Rhus coriaria reduced by 62% the migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC).	[108]
Neuroprotective activity	Fruits	Ethanolic extract	Mice treated with 400 mg/kg of sumac extract, after optic nerve injury, exhibited 84.87% inhibition of ischemia, determined by fluorescence molecular tomography (FMT) imaging.	[109]
Dental protection activity	Seeds	Aqueous extract	Sumac extract (10% wt./vol.) caused a significant reduction in the endogenous matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-2, 8 and 9) activity of demineralized dentin matrix. Also, sumac was able to increase the intra and interfibrillar crosslinking density of dentin collagen matrix.	[107,110]
Antidiarrheal activity (Gut protective effect)	Fruits	Methanolic Extract	Sumac extract affect metabolic pathways of human gut microbiota of human. Treatment of a consortium of six microorganisms’ representative of intestinal human microbiota with sumac extract (0.5 and 5 mg/mL) led to a decrease in the levels of amino acids and nitrogenous compounds in the bacteria cultures.	[111]
	Fruits	Aqueous extract	Rhus coriaria (100 and 300 mg/kg) demonstrated antisecretory, antidiarrheal effects against castor oil-induced fluid accumulation and diarrhea. Sumac extract exhibited an antispasmodic activity in isolated rabbit jejunum. The extract reduced the high K+-induced spastic contractions with EC50 of 0.35 mg/mL and exerted a Ca++ antagonist in rabbit jejunum.	[112]
Effect on laying hens and eggs and broiler chickens	Fruits	Powder	Broilers, for which sumac powder (1% and 3% of total diet) was included in the diet, demonstrated an improved immune system against Newcastle Disease and influenza. A reduced fat content was also observed in sumac-fed broilers.	[113,114]
	Seeds	Powder	Addition of sumac (10–30 g/kg) in the diet of laying hens reduced the levels of yolk and blood cholesterol. Sumac was also shown to lower crude fat content.	[115,116]
Anticancer activity	Fruits	Ethanolic extract	Rhus coriaria at non-cytotoxic concentration (31.25, 62.5, and 125 μg/mL) inhibited the migration of uterus cervix cancer (HeLa) cells.	[31]
	Fruits	Aqueous extract	Silver nanoparticles made from sumac extract (AgSu/NP) exhibited cytotoxic (IC50 of ~10 µmol/48 h) and pro-apoptotic effect on breast cancer (MCF-7) cells.	[117]
	Fruits	Ethanolic extract	Rhus coriaria showed anti-colon cancer activity via stimulation of proteasome activity and induction of autophagic and apoptotic cell death in HT-29 (IC50 at 24 and 48 h were 518 and 346 µg/mL) and Caco-2 (IC50 at 24 and 48 h were 384 and 316 µg/mL) cell lines.	[118]
	Fruits	Ethanolic extract	Rhus coriaria exhibited anti-breast cancer activity by suppressing metastasis, angiogenesis, and tumor growth via inhibition of via inhibition of STAT3, NFκB, and nitric oxide pathways.	[119]
		Oleoresin extract	Rhus coriaria inhibited angiogenesis and showed cytotoxic effect (IC50 of 9.1 µg/mL) against retinoblastoma (Y79) cancer cells.	[120]
	Fruits	Ethanolic extract	Rhus coriaria inhibited cell viability of MDA-MB-231 (IC50 of 305 µg/mL at 48 H), T47D (IC50 of 261 µg/mL at 48 H) and MCF-7 (IC50 of 510 µg/mL at 48 H) breast cancer cells. In addition, Sumac extract induced senescence and autophagy in triple negative breast cancer cells via the activation of p38 and ERK1/2 pathways.	[121]
Anti-inflammation activity	Fruits	Alcoholic extract	Rhus coriaria showed anti-inflammatory effects by reducing IL-1β, IL-18 expression in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated synoviocytes.	[122]
	Fruits	Ethanolic extract	Rhus coriaria L. showed a potential to treat skin inflammatory conditions in HaCaT cells by inhibiting the release of pro-inflammatory mediator IL-8.	[123]
Wound healing activity	Fruits	Lyophilized hydrophilic extract	Sumac fruit extract (5 mg/mL and 10 mg/mL ) accelerates the healing of induced wounds in Wistar male rats.	[61]
	Fruits	Ethanolic extract	Sumac extract (100 and 200 mg/kg) promoted a fast and efficient wound closure in wounded male Sprague Dawley rats.	[124]
Other biological activities	Fruits	-	Rhus coriaria possesses a potential allelopathic activity. It reduced lettuce radicle and hypocotyl elongation to 7.4% and 33.1% of control, respectively, in sandwich method bioassay.	[125]
	Fruits	Grounded and packed into dark sachets	Clinical trials showed that Rhus coriaria in combination with Bunium persicum B. reduced chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) phase in breast cancer patient.	[126]
	Fruits	Aqueous extract “Juice”	Oral intake of sumac juice showed a beneficial impact on muscle performance among athletes and reduced pain during exercise.	[127]
	-	Methanolic extract	Rhus coriaria showed prevention effect from gastrointestinal diseases via inhibiting urease enzyme activity.	[128]