Table 1.

Performance and detection methods of different electrochemical cardiac aptasensors.

Cardiac Biomarker	Sensor Specification	Method	Sensing Strategy	Sample Matrices	Detection Rang	Limit of Detection (LOD)	Ref.
Mb	polystyrene microplate	personal glucose meter (PGM) readout	antibody–Mb–aptamer sandwich	serum samples	50 pM–200 nM	50 pM	[71]
cTnI	Au electrode/thiolated apt.	SWV, Fc-SiNPs	label-free	buffer	1−10,000 pM	1.0 pM	[75]
cTnI	AuNPs, Ti Foil/HS-apt.	DPV, [Fe(CN)6]3−/4−	Label-free	human serum samples	1–1100 pM	0.18 pM	[76]
cTnI	Au electrode/macroporous Au nanostructure/Apt.	DPV, [Fe(CN)6]3−/4−	label-free	spiked human serum samples	0.05–5.0 ng mL−1	23 pg mL−1	[77]
TnI	array of Au nanodumbbells/76-mer TnI aptamer	DPV [Fe(CN)6]3−/4−	label-free	blood serum samples	0.05–500 ng mL−1	8.0 pg mL−1	[78]
cTnI	SPCE/AuNPs/electropolymerized conductive polymer/Apt.	amperometry, hydrazine, H2O2	apt. pair-based sandwich type	serum	1–100 pM (0.024–2.4 ng/mL)	1.0 pM (24 pg/mL)	[79]
cTnI	GC/N-prGO/COOH/PEG-apt.	DPV	Label-free	serum, saliva	0.001–100 ng mL−1	0.88 pg mL−1	[80]
cTnI	Apt.–MoS2 nanosheets	EIS, [Fe(CN)6]3−/4−	label-free	human blood samples	10 pM to 1.0 μM	0.95 pM	[81]
	Au@SiO2@Au/aptamer-				10 pM–10.0 μM	1.23 pM
cTnI	DNA nanotetrahedron (NTH)/dual-apt. (dAPT), magnetic metal organic frameworks (mMOFs), Fe3O4@UiO-66, Au@Pt NPs	DPV hydroquinone, H2O2	sandwich-structure	human serum	0.01–100 ng·mL−1	5.7 pg mL−1	[82]
cTnI	Au electrode/apt. probe 2 (P2)	SWV MB	sandwich-structure	human serum, urine saliva	0.5–100 ngmL−1	0.04 ngmL−1	[83]
Mb	apt./rGO/CNT nanohybrid electrodes	CV direct electron transfer Mb	label-free	buffer	1 ng/mL–4 µg/mL	~0.34 ng/mL	[84]
Mb	Y-shape structure of dual-aptamer (DApt)-	DPV [Fe(CN)6]3−/4−	label-free	human blood serum	100 pM–40 nM	27 pM	[85]
Mb	apt.–black phosphorus nanostructured electrode	CV	direct electron transfer Mb	serum samples	1 pg mL−1–16 µg mL−1	0.524 pg mL−1	[86]
Mb	meso-tetra (4-carboxyphenyl) porphyrin-AuNPs(TCPP–Gr/AuNPs)/apt. Mb	DPV	electron transfer by Mb	human serum samples	2.0 × 10−11–7.7 × 10−7 M	6.7 × 10−12 M	[87]
Lys	Au electrode/Lys apt.	SWV Fc, [Ru(NH3)6]3+	signal on/off, label-free	human serum	1.0 × 10−11–1.0 × 10−7 M	0.8 pM	[88]
Mb	GCE, PtSnNP CNTs/Mb-apt.	Amperometry, [Fe(CN)6]3−/4-	conformational change	Spiked human serum samples	0.01–1 and 10 nM–200 nM	2.2 ± 0.1 pM	[89]
Mb	Apt/AuNPs/BNNSs/FTO	DPV [Fe(CN)6]3−/4−	label free	human serum Hb, GOx, Ins., SOx	0.1–100 µg/mL	34.6 ng/mL	[90]
cTnI Mb	HsGDY@NDs/apt.strand	EIS [Fe(CN)6]3−/4−	label-free	human serum	cTnI 0.00001–100 ng mL−1 Mb 0.01–1000 pg mL−1	cTnI 9.04 fg mL−1 Mb 9.04 fg mL−1	[91]