Table 2.

Specifications of electrochemical aptasensors for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) biomarkers.

AD Biomarkers	Sensor Specification	Method	Sensing Strategy	Sample Matrices	Detection Rang	Limit of Detection (LOD)	Ref.
tau 381	apt./carboxyl Gr/th./AuNPs GCE	DPV Th. redox probe	label-free	10 patients’ serum samples	1.0–100 pM	0.70 pM	[92]
tau 381	tau antibody (anti-tau)/apt.specific to tau-381	EIS, CV, DPV AuNPs signal amplification	Apt.-antibody sandwich	AD patients serum	0.5–100 pM	0.42 pM	[93]
AβO	β oligomers antibodies/nanocomposite AuNPs/apt.	DPV Th. redox probe	antibody-apt. sandwich	artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)	0.5–30 nM	100 pM	[94]
AβO	SAM ssDNA apt./Au electrode	EIS [Fe(CN)6]3−/4−	label-free	artificial CSF	0.1–500 nM	0.03 nM	[96]
AβO	AuNFs/GCE/HS-apt.	DPV MOFs signalprobe	sandwich	artificial CSF	1 nM–2 µM	0.45 nM	[97]
α-synuclein	Apt./SAM	DPV MB	label-free	human serum samples	60 pM–150 nM	10 pM	[98]
AβO ATP	nanostructured multielectrode arrays (MEAs); dual-apt.	Amperometry Fc	signal-on/signal-off	artificial CSF	1 pM–200 nM 0.01 nM–1000 nM	0.3 pM 0.002 nM	[99]