Table 3.

Specifications of electrochemical aptasensors for infectious disease biomarkers.

Infectious Disease Biomarkers	Sensor Specification	Method	Sensing Strategy	Sample Matrices	Detection Range	Limit of Detection (LOD)	Ref.
IFN-γ	SAM DNA hairpin IFN-γ-apt./MB/Au electrode	SWV	conformational changes	serum proteins	0.06–10 nM	0.06 nM	[101]
bovine interferon gamma (BoIFN-γ)	SAM IFN-γ-binding apt. MB	SWV	conformational change	pristine buffer, blood	1–230 ng/mL	pristine buffer 0.1 nM blood 0.9 nM	[102]
IFN-γ	IFN-γ apt./Gr surface	conductance	change in charge distribution in electrolyte	BSA, papain	0 nM–5 μM	83 pM	[103]
IFN-γ	SiNWs/Au/thiolated apt.	SWV MB	conformational change, Switch off	blood serum	nanowire 3 pg/mL for 5000 cells—planar 90 pg/mL for 30,000 cells	0.14 ng/mL, 0.8 ng/mL	[104]
IFN-γ TNF- α	micropatterned Au electrodes arrays/cytokine-binding apt./microfluidic device	SWV	conformational change	immune cells	0.0–100 ng/mL (5.8 nM)	10 ng/mL (0.58 nM)	[105]
C. perfringens pathogen	capture probe, streptavidin (SA), hemin/G-quadruplex/Fe3O4 nanocomposites	DPV	sandwich	Real biological samples	10−12–10−6 M	10−12 M	[106]
NS-1 protein	Pencil electrode (PE)/(BE)/PEI/AuNPs/apt.	CV [Fe (CN)6]−3/−4	label-free, structural switching	spiked human serum sample	3–160 ng mL−1	0.3 ng mL−1	[107]