Table 6.

Specifications and electrochemical performance of aptasensors for exosomes.

Exosomes	Sensor Specification	Method	Sensing Strategy	Sample Matrices	Detection Range	Limit of Detection (LOD)	Ref.
MCF-7 exosomes	Apt./2D Ti3C2 MXenes nanosheets	Electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL)	sandwich-type	serum	5 × 102–5 × 106 particles μL−1	125 particles μL−1	[137]
hepatocellular exosomes	Apt.-nanotetrahedron (NTH) SAM/Au electrode	SWV [Fe(CN)6]−3/−4	sandwich-type	membrane proteins	105–1012 exosomes/mL	1 × 104/mL	[138]
exosomes	exosome transmembrane protein CD63 apt./Au electrode array, microfluidic system	SWV MB redox label	switch-off	fetal bovine serum	1 × 108 particles/mL	1 × 106 particles/mL	[139]
tumor exosomes LNCaP cells	DNAs/Au electrode	DPV Ru(NH3)63− signal reporter	“turn-off” signal	MCF-7 cell, HeLa cell-derived exosomes	1000–120,000 particles/µL	70 particles/µL	[140]
Exosomes	CD63 apt./GCE/Cu (I)-catalyzed click chemistry	DPV HRP, o-phenylene-diamine (OPD), H2O2	label-free	human serum	1.12 × 102 to 1.12 × 108 particles/μL	96 particles/μL	[141]
cancer-exosome	ITO electrode	DPV DOX redox-active indicator	label-free “signal-on” strategy	biological, clinical samples	3.4 × 104–3.4 × 108 particles per mL	1.2 × 104 particles per mL	[142]
HepG2-exosomes	Au electrode/apt.	SWV [Fe(CN)6]−3/−4	displacement reaction	serum samples	1 × 105–5 × 107 particles/mL	1.72 × 104 particles/mL	[143]
CD63 positive exosomes	ITO electrode microfluidic on-chip platform (ExoPCD-chip)	DPV [Fe(CN)6]−3/−4, th. enhanced cathodic current	label-free	human serum and liver cancer patients, healthy controls	7.61 × 104 particles/mL to 7.61 × 108 particles/mL	4.39 × 103 particles/mL	[144]