Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2021 Jan 12;22(2):699. doi: 10.3390/ijms22020699

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

PMC Copyright notice

Signaling pathways [128]. Remark: UPR: unfolded protein response; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; IRE1: inositol-requiring enzyme 1; PERK: protein kinase RNA- (PKR-) like kinase; ATF6: activating transcription factor 6; XBP1: X-box-binding protein-1; TRAF2: tumour necrosis factor receptor- (TNFR-) associated factor-2; JNK: Jun-N-terminal kinase; NF-κB: nuclear factor κB; RIDD: regulated IRE1-dependent decay; eIF2α: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α; ATF4: activating transcription factor 4; COPII: coat protein II; CHOP: CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-homologous protein.