Figure 9.

Cardioprotective effect assessment on MCEC cell line. Cells were incubated with SqCsA NPs for 24 h. Controls (untreated cells, free CsA, or Sq NPs) were done under the same conditions. After incubation time, cells were rinsed with PBS and incubated in hypoxic condition (1% O₂ and restraint medium without FBS and glucose). Cardioprotection was assessed by using MTT test (upper panel) and LDH test (lower panel). For the MTT tests, the higher the percentage, the more viable the cells. For the LDH tests, the higher the percentage of LDH-released protein, the more damaged the cells. * p ≤ 0.05, ** p ≤ 0.01, *** p ≤ 0.001, **** p ≤ 0.0001.