Table 3.
Contents of 11-keto-α-boswellic acid (α-KBA), 11-keto-β-boswellic acid (β-KBA), acetyl-11-keto-α-boswellic acid (α-AKBA), and 11-keto-β-boswellic acid (β-AKBA) in Boswellia oleogum resins. Quantification by high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) in duplicates. Average values of respective species are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD); contents below the limit of quantification as <LOQ.
| Sample | 11-Keto-Boswellic Acids (KBAs) | Acetyl-11-Keto-Boswellic Acids (AKBAs) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| # | Species | Origin | Ratio [%] | Content [µg/mg] | Ratio [%] | Content [µg/mg] | ||||
| β-KBA | α-KBA | β-KBA | α-KBA | β-AKBA | α-AKBA | β-AKBA | α-AKBA | |||
| 1 | B. sacra | Oman | 96.4 | 3.6 | 2.618 | 0.098 | 98.3 | 1.7 | 41.088 | 0.731 |
| 2 | B. sacra | Oman | 93.8 | 6.2 | 2.658 | 0.175 | 98.2 | 1.8 | 28.646 | 0.532 |
| 3 | B. sacra | Oman | 94.4 | 5.6 | 1.153 | 0.068 | 98.8 | 1.2 | 33.956 | 0.416 |
| 4 | B. sacra | Oman | 98.2 | 1.8 | 1.081 | 0.020 | 99.2 | 0.8 | 32.642 | 0.267 |
| 5 | B. sacra | Oman | 98.9 | 1.1 | 2.138 | 0.024 | 99.5 | 0.5 | 35.694 | 0.197 |
| B. sacra | Oman | 96.3 | 3.7 | 2.209 | 0.085 | 98.6 | 1.4 | 21.465 | 0.308 | |
| 7 | B. sacra | Oman | 97.2 | 2.8 | 1.571 | 0.046 | 99.1 | 0.9 | 37.143 | 0.326 |
| 8 | B. sacra | Oman | 97.2 | 2.8 | 2.041 | 0.059 | 99.0 | 1.0 | 32.994 | 0.350 |
| 9 | B. sacra | Oman | 93.4 | 6.6 | 0.930 | 0.066 | 98.2 | 1.8 | 25.617 | 0.466 |
| 10 | B. sacra | Oman | 94.6 | 5.4 | 1.028 | 0.059 | 98.4 | 1.6 | 21.416 | 0.359 |
| 11 | B. sacra | Oman | 94.0 | 6.0 | 1.084 | 0.069 | 98.3 | 1.7 | 29.549 | 0.509 |
| Mean | 95.8 | 4.2 | 1.683 | 0.070 | 98.7 | 1.3 | 30.928 | 0.406 | ||
| SD | 1.8 | 1.8 | 0.636 | 0.040 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 6.002 | 0.142 | ||
| 12 | B. dalzielli | Burkina Faso | 93.4 | 6.6 | 10.893 | 0.770 | 96.1 | 3.9 | 51.329 | 2.096 |
| 13 | B. dalzielli | Nigeria | 96.2 | 3.8 | 9.482 | 0.377 | 97.7 | 2.3 | 70.521 | 1.677 |
| 14 | B. dalzielli | Senegal | 92.6 | 7.4 | 12.840 | 1.019 | 96.0 | 4.0 | 65.623 | 2.709 |
| Mean | 94.1 | 5.9 | 11.072 | 0.722 | 96.6 | 3.4 | 62.491 | 2.161 | ||
| SD | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.686 | 0.324 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 9.972 | 0.519 | ||
| 15 | B. papyrifera | Ethiopia | 97.2 | 2.8 | 4.261 | 0.123 | 93.6 | 6.4 | 41.109 | 2.833 |
| 16 | B. papyrifera | Eritrea | 92.2 | 7.8 | 3.142 | 0.264 | 96.3 | 3.7 | 26.813 | 1.031 |
| 17 | B. papyrifera | Sudan | 94.5 | 5.5 | 3.013 | 0.174 | 96.6 | 3.4 | 16.235 | 0.574 |
| Mean | 94.7 | 5.3 | 3.472 | 0.187 | 95.5 | 4.5 | 28.052 | 1.479 | ||
| SD | 2.5 | 2.5 | 0.686 | 0.071 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 12.483 | 1.194 | ||
| 18 | B. serrata | India | 98.8 | 1.2 | 5.266 | 0.064 | 95.6 | 4.4 | 10.823 | 0.501 |
| 19 | B. serrata | India | 98.9 | 1.1 | 22.045 | 0.244 | 98.1 | 1.9 | 18.338 | 0.354 |
| 20 | B. serrata | India | 98.5 | 1.5 | 3.043 | 0.047 | 97.0 | 3.0 | 13.233 | 0.411 |
| 21 | B. serrata | India | 98.5 | 1.5 | 5.705 | 0.088 | 95.1 | 4.9 | 8.141 | 0.420 |
| 22 | B. serrata | India | 95.4 | 4.6 | 9.346 | 0.451 | 96.3 | 3.7 | 12.766 | 0.491 |
| 23 | B. serrata | India | 94.1 | 5.9 | 5.885 | 0.371 | 95.3 | 4.7 | 8.816 | 0.437 |
| 24 | B. serrata | India | 96.0 | 4.0 | 3.886 | 0.161 | 95.7 | 4.3 | 7.720 | 0.348 |
| Mean | 97.2 | 2.8 | 7.882 | 0.204 | 96.1 | 3.9 | 11.405 | 0.423 | ||
| SD | 2.0 | 2.0 | 6.554 | 0.158 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 3.753 | 0.060 | ||
| 25 | B. carterii | Somalia | 79.4 | 20.6 | 0.063 | 0.016 | 85.2 | 14.8 | 0.088 | 0.015 |
| 26 | B. carterii | Somalia | 79.7 | 20.3 | 0.013 | 0.003 | 88.2 | 11.8 | 0.053 | 0.007 |
| 27 | B. carterii | Somalia | 74.9 | 25.1 | 0.107 | 0.036 | N/A | N/A | 0.001 | <LOQ |
| 28 | B. carterii | Somalia | 74.5 | 25.5 | 0.644 | 0.221 | 90.3 | 9.7 | 0.005 | 0.001 |
| 29 | B. carterii | Somalia | 94.9 | 5.1 | 6.123 | 0.331 | 98.7 | 1.3 | 48.724 | 0.619 |
| Mean | 80.7 | 19.3 | 1.390 | 0.121 | 90.6 | 9.4 | 9.774 | 0.128 | ||
| SD | 8.3 | 8.3 | 2.658 | 0.147 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 21.774 | 0.274 | ||
| 30 | B. neglecta | Somalia | 67.1 | 32.9 | 0.968 | 0.476 | 84.1 | 15.9 | 0.037 | 0.007 |
| 31 | B. neglecta | Somalia | 72.1 | 27.9 | 1.128 | 0.436 | 83.4 | 16.6 | 0.119 | 0.024 |
| 32 | B. neglecta | Somalia | 67.5 | 32.5 | 1.168 | 0.563 | 81.6 | 18.4 | 0.039 | 0.009 |
| 33 | B. neglecta | Somalia | 81.5 | 18.5 | 0.517 | 0.118 | 81.9 | 18.1 | 0.066 | 0.015 |
| 34 | B. neglecta | Somalia | 73.6 | 26.4 | 0.177 | 0.063 | 81.9 | 18.1 | 0.020 | 0.004 |
| 35 | B. neglecta | Kenya | 72.8 | 27.2 | 0.045 | 0.017 | 90.3 | 9.7 | 0.016 | 0.002 |
| 36 | B. neglecta | Kenya | N/A | N/A | <LOQ | <LOQ | N/A | N/A | 0.002 | <LOQ |
| Mean | 72.4 | 27.6 | 0.572 | 0.239 | 83.9 | 16.1 | 0.043 | 0.009 | ||
| SD | 5.2 | 5.2 | 0.514 | 0.242 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 0.039 | 0.008 | ||
| 37 | B. rivae | Ethiopia | 42.3 | 57.7 | 0.016 | 0.022 | 92.5 | 7.5 | 0.051 | 0.004 |
| 38 | B. frereana | Somalia | N/A | N/A | <LOQ | <LOQ | N/A | N/A | <LOQ | <LOQ |
| 39 | B. frereana | Somalia | N/A | N/A | <LOQ | <LOQ | N/A | N/A | <LOQ | <LOQ |
| 40 | B. frereana | Somalia | N/A | N/A | <LOQ | <LOQ | N/A | N/A | <LOQ | <LOQ |
| Mean | N/A | N/A | <LOQ | <LOQ | N/A | N/A | <LOQ | <LOQ | ||
| SD | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
| 41 | B. occulta | Somalia | 94.4 | 5.6 | 2.527 | 0.150 | 98.4 | 1.6 | 33.104 | 0.540 |