Table 3.
Characteristics of monitoring.
| Year, Study | Name of the Health Program | Recommended Type of Treatment | Monitoring Elements | Monitoring Outcomes | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Start of Monitoring | Biological Monitoring | Monitoring at Work | Other Agreements | Follow-Up: % Abstinence |
Follow-Up: % Work Retention |
|||
| 1982, Herrington et al. [20] | Impaired Physician Treatment Program | inpatient (95%) | after treatment completion | urine | yes | participate in Alcoholics or Narcotics Anonymous groups, attendance of local meetings in the community, and attendance of weekly sessions of Milwaukee Doctors in Alcoholics Anonymous |
0 to 3 years: 68% no relapse |
0 to 3 years: 78% working |
| 1984, Washton et al. [21] | Regent or Fair Oaks Hospital | inpatient 4–10 weeks |
after treatment completion | urine | pharmacotherapy with naltrexone, group therapy, individual therapy, and family/couples therapy | 0 to 1.5 years: 87% no relapse |
0 to 1.5 years: 87% working |
|
| 1985, Crowley [22] | Halsted Clinic | outpatient | with treatment initiation | urine | - | counseling sessions | 2 years (average): 47% no relapse |
- |
| 1987, Shore [23] | rehabilitation program | - | - | urine | - | long term supervision by the medical board | - | 0 to 8 years: 75% working |
| 1991, Pelton & Ikeda [24] | California Physicians Diversion Program | - | with treatment initiation | urine | yes | attendance of two diversion group meetings per week, and two or more 12-step meetings per week | 3 to 5 years: 51% no relapse 18% brief relapse |
- |
| 1992, Gallegos et al. [25] | Georgia Impaired Physicians Program continuing care program | Georgia Impaired Physicians Treatment Program | after treatment completion | urine | - | primary care physician attends to their medical needs, recovery mentor, five Alcoholics or Narcotics Anonymous meetings per week, and one Caduceus Club meeting per week | more than 5 years: 77% no relapse |
more than 5 years: 91% working |
| 1994, Roy [26] | reentry monitoring | - | after treatment completion | urine | - | group therapy | 2 years (average): 81% no relapse8% brief relapse |
2 years (average): 95% working |
| 1996, Nelson et al. (1) [27] | Diversion Program | inpatient and/or outpatient | after treatment completion | urine | - | group therapy | 1.5 years (average): 86% no relapse |
- |
| 1996, Nelson et al. (2) [27] | Probationary Program | inpatient and/or outpatient | after treatment completion | urine | - | group therapy | 2.3 years (average): 78% no relapse |
- |
| 1997, Roth et al. [28] | special treatment program | inpatient and/or outpatient | with treatment initiation | urine | - | pharmacotherapy with naltrexone for 6 months | 1.8 years (average): 60% no relapse |
1.8 years (average): 60% working |
| 1999, Paris & Canavan (1) [29] | Physician Health Program | - | after treatment completion | urine | - | participate in an aftercare group for 1 year, monthly face-to-face appointment with PHP employee, and attendance of Alcoholics Anonymous meetings |
7.8 years (average): 59% no relapse |
- |
| 1999, Paris & Canavan (2) [29] | Physician Health Program | - | after treatment completion | urine | - | participate in an aftercare group for 1 year, monthly face-to-face appointment with PHP employee, and attendance of Alcoholics Anonymous meetings |
7.2 years (average): 56% no relapse |
- |
| 2004, Warhaft [30] | Case Management, Aftercare and Monitoring Program | - | after treatment completion | urine and/or breath | yes | attendance at Caduceus group andattendance at mutual help group (Alcoholics or Narcotics Anonymous) | 0 to 3 years: 79% no relapse |
0 to 3 years: 78% working |
| 2005, Domino et al. (1) [31] | Washington Physician Health Program | - | after treatment completion | urine | yes | frequent contact for behavioral assessment and regulatory board reports | 0 to 5 years: 78% no relapse |
- |
| 2005, Domino et al. (2) [31] | Washington Physician Health Program | - | after treatment completion | urine | yes | frequent contact for behavioral assessment and regulatory board reports | more than 5 years: 68% no relapse |
more than 5 years: 88% working |
| 2005, Ganley et al. (1) [32] | North Carolina Physician Health Program | inpatient and/or outpatient | - | urine hair |
meetings with volunteer monitor, participate in Alcoholics Anonymous and other self-help groups, and participate in Caduceus meetings |
1 to 6 years: 65% no relapse 26% brief relapse |
- | |
| 2005, Ganley et al. (2) [32] | North Carolina Physician Health Program | inpatient and/or outpatient | - | urine hair |
meetings with volunteer monitor, participate in Alcoholics Anonymous and other self-help groups, and participate in Caduceus meetings |
1 to 6 years: 50% no relapse 9% brief relapse |
- | |
| 2006, Clark et al. [33] | Program for Recovering Nurses | mainly outpatient (69%) | with treatment initiation | urine | yes | aftercare counseling and attendance at recovery nursing support groups | 3.8 years (average): 48% no relapse |
3.8 years (average): 43% working |
| 2007, Galanter et al. [34] | Committee for Physician Health | inpatient and/or outpatient | with treatment initiation | urine | yes | 12-step/therapy monitor | 3.4 years (average): 63% no relapse |
- |
| 2007, Knight et al. [13] | Physician Health Services | individual psychotherapy | with treatment initiation | urine | yes | attendance at Caduceus meetings or Alcoholics Anonymous |
0 to 3 years: 56% no relapse |
- |
| 2008, Brewster et al. [35] | Ontario Physician Health Program | usually inpatient abstinence based 4–6 weeks |
after treatment completion | urine | yes | visits to addiction medicine doctor, visits to a family doctor for routine health needs, and attendance at mutual support groups in community | 5 years (exact): 71% no relapse and 14% brief relapse |
- |
| 2009, Du Pont et al. [9] | 16 American Physician Health Programs | inpatient and/or outpatient | after treatment completion | urine | - | participate in Alcoholics or Narcotics Anonymous groups, participate in aftercare groups, and follow-up from Physician Health Program monitor |
4.5 years (average): 78% no relapse |
4.5 years (average): 72% working |
| 2009, Fogger & McGuinness (1) [36] | Voluntary Discipline Alternative Program | inpatient and/or outpatient | after treatment completion | urine | - | - | 3 years (average): 94% no relapse |
2.5 years (average): 90% working |
| 2009, Fogger & McGuinness (2) [36] | Probationary Program | inpatient and/or outpatient | after treatment completion | urine | - | attendance of 12-steps meetings at least three times per week and attendance aftercare meeting at least one time per week for one year | 4.4 years (average): 96% working |
|
| 2011, Merlo et al. [37] | Professional Resource Network | - | after treatment completion | urine | - | pharmacotherapy with naltrexone for at least 2 years | 3.4 years (average): 91% no relapse |
3.4 years (average): 82% working |
| 2013, Angres et al. [38] | After-Care program | abstinence based 6–8 weeks |
after treatment completion | urine | - | participate in Caduceus aftercare group weekly | 2 years (exact): 73% no relapse |
- |
| 2013, Cross et al. [39] | Chicago treatment program for professionals | inpatient abstinence based 8–10 weeks |
after treatment completion | urine | - | participate in Alcoholics or Narcotics Anonymous groups, participate in Caduceus aftercare group, and follow-up from Physician Health Program monitor |
2 years (exact): 87% no relapse |
- |
| 2017, Earley et al. [40] | Injectable extended-release naltrexone | intensive outpatient | with treatment initiation | urine | - | attendance at mutual support meetings | 2 years (exact): 89% no relapse |
2 years (exact): 63% working |
| 2020, Bruguera et al. [41] | Galatea Addiction Programme | inpatient (62%) and/or outpatient 7–8 weeks |
with treatment initiation | urine hair |
yes | participate in psychotherapy group weekly | 2 years (average): 30% no relapse |
- |