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. 2021 Jan 13;9(1):163. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms9010163

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The VirAB-VirRS-AnrAB resistance module of L. monocytogenes EGD-e. The ABC transporter VirAB senses the presence of bacitracin, nisin and a number of β-lactam antibiotics. This leads to activation of the intramembrane-sensing histidine kinase VirS, which subsequently phosphorylates the response regulator VirR [46,47]. VirR binds to the VirR consensus sequence present in the promoter region of anrAB and induces the expression of both genes [46,51]. The ABC transporter AnrAB detoxifies bacitracin and nisin by a so far unknown mechanism. The detoxification of kanamycin and tetracycline by VirAB occurs in a VirRS-independent manner [46].