Table 1.

Nano-composite formulation and their application for curbing the plant fungal pathogens.

Type of Nanocomposite Applied	Method of Synthesis	Effective Working Concentration	Application Method	Pathogen Studied	Remarks	References
Inorganic-inorganic composites
AgNPs-titanate nanotubes	Photo-assisted functionalization of AgNPs on hydrothermal micro-wave-assisted synthesis of titanate nanotubes	30 mg/30 mL	In vitro study performed in PDB supplemented with 30 mg photo-activated AgNP-titanate nanotube composite	Botrytis cinerea	Fungal conidial death due to ROS damage	[40]
Fe3O4/ZnO/AgBr	Microwave-assisted synthesis	1:8 weight ratio nanocomposite	In vitro spore broth incubation study performed in a cylindrical Pyrex reactor	Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium oxysporum	Complete inactivation of test fungi within one hour of incubation with the nanocomposite	[41]
Bimetallic (Au/Ag) NPs with metal oxide NPs(ZnO NPs)	Physical mixture technique	50:10 μg/mL	In vitro poison food study involving the addition of NP suspension in SDB	Aspergillus flavus/A. fumigatus	-Augmented inhibition of fungal growth by bimetallic and metal oxide NPs	[90]
ZnO:Mg(OH)2 composite	Hydrothermal/co-precipitation technique	5 to 0.002 mg mL−1	In vitro study involving DMSO dissolved NPs supplemented in PDB	Colletotrichum gloeosporioides	-Addition of MgO diminished the antifungal potential of ZnO NPs	[91]
Inorganic-carbon composites
CuO NPs functionalized graphene-like carbon composite	Green synthesis using Adhatoda vasica leaf extract and 0.01 M CuSO4	5:4 ratio proportion of leaf extract: CuSO4	In vitro agar well diffusion assay on PDA media	Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans	growth inhibition due to the disruption of the cell membranes	[42]
GO-AgNPs	Interfacial electrostatic self-assembly synthesis	9.37 µg/mL-MIC value	In vitro assay using growth media and detached wheat leaf bioassay	Fusarium graminearum	Improved anti-fungal efficiency [>3-fold for AgNPs and >7-fold over pure GO] through two mechanisms (physical injury and ROS mediated chemical injury)	[38]
Inorganic-organic composites
ZnO NPs/CS-Zn-CuNPs	Wet chemical method	0 to 90 µg mL−1	In vitro study involved supplementation of nanocomposite in PDA media	Alternaria alternata, B. cinerea, R. solani	-Highest mycelial inhibition by chitosan mixed Zn-Cu nanocomposite	[48]
Cu-/Zn-chitosan and bimetallic nanocomposites	Wet chemical synthesis	30, 60, and 100 μg mL−1	-In vitro study using agar based media -In vivo seed priming assay for damping-off disease in cotton cultivar Giza 92 seedlings	Rhizoctonia solani	-highest hyphal inhibition at 100 μg mL−1 -Augmented effect of bimetallic NC along with biocontrol fungus (Trichoderma)to suppress disease in vivo	[49]
Clay-chitosan nanocomposite	Anion-exchange technique	5 to 60 μg mL−1	-In vitro study using PDA -In vivo assay in mature fruits of Citrus sinensis (L. Osbeck) cv. Valencia	Penicillium digitatum	-Complete inhibition of fungal hyphae in different weight ratios of clay/chitosan nanocomposite (1:0.5, 1:1, 1:2) (conc.20 μg mL−1)	[47]