Table 2.
Cox proportional hazards model estimates for all-cause and cardiac mortality
| Variable | Hazard ratio (95% CI) all-cause death | P-value | Hazard ratio (95% CI) cardiac death | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (per 10 years) | 1.57 (1.49–1.66) | <0.0001 | 1.57 (1.46–1.7) | <0.0001 |
| Male gender | 0.98 (0.88–1.09) | 0.72 | 0.96 (0.83–1.11) | 0.58 |
| Body mass index (per 5 kg/m2 increase) | 0.86 (0.82–0.91) | <0.0001 | 0.83 (0.78–0.88) | <0.0001 |
| Hypertension | 1.21 (1.05–1.4) | 0.01 | 1.28 (1.07–1.54) | 0.008 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1.44 (1.29–1.61) | <0.0001 | 1.63 (1.4–1.89) | <0.0001 |
| Coronary artery disease (prior MI or PCI) | 1.13 (1–1.27) | 0.04 | 0.91 (0.76–1.1) | 0.32 |
| Hyperlipidaemia | 0.79 (0.7–0.9) | 0.0003 | 0.74 (0.64–0.86) | 0.0001 |
| Current smoker | 1.57 (1.36–1.81) | <0.0001 | 1.58 (1.3–1.91) | <0.0001 |
| Family history of CVD | 0.84 (0.76–0.93) | 0.001 | 0.8 (0.69–0.93) | 0.004 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 1.17 (1.03–1.33) | 0.01 | 1.23 (1.01–1.48) | 0.04 |
| Cerebrovascular accident | 1.24 (1.08–1.43) | 0.003 | 1.28 (1.05–1.57) | 0.01 |
| Chest pain symptoms | ||||
| Anginal chest pain vs. none | 0.91 (0.82–1.01) | 0.09 | 0.9 (0.78–1.04) | 0.16 |
| Non-anginal chest pain vs. none | 0.75 (0.4–1.41) | 0.38 | 0.62 (0.25–1.5) | 0.29 |
| Dyspnoea | 1.25 (1.14–1.38) | <0.0001 | 1.32 (1.15–1.51) | <0.0001 |
| Syncope | 0.96 (0.81–1.14) | 0.64 | 0.98 (0.78–1.23) | 0.87 |
| Aspirin | 0.9 (0.81–1) | 0.05 | 0.89 (0.78–1.02) | 0.08 |
| Beta-blocker | 0.97 (0.88–1.08) | 0.59 | 1.07 (0.93–1.22) | 0.36 |
| Other antiplatelet | 1.16 (0.85–1.59) | 0.34 | 1.6 (1.03–2.49) | 0.04 |
| Statin | 0.9 (0.81–1) | 0.06 | 0.87 (0.75–1.02) | 0.08 |
| Calcium channel blocker | 1.04 (0.93–1.16) | 0.47 | 1.1 (0.95–1.27) | 0.21 |
| Inpatient vs. outpatient | 1.65 (0.68–4.01) | 0.27 | 1.64 (1.42–1.89) | <0.0001 |
| Abnormal baseline ECG | 1.05 (0.92–1.21) | 0.47 | 1.04 (0.87–1.25) | 0.64 |
| Ischaemic ECG response | 0.81 (0.64–1.02) | 0.08 | 0.95 (0.68–1.32) | 0.76 |
| Resting rate-pressure product (per 10 000) | 1.01 (1–1.02) | 0.13 | 1.01 (1–1.03) | 0.17 |
| Early revascularization | 0.85 (0.7–1.03) | 0.09 | 0.26 (0.14–0.51) | <0.0001 |
| Coronary artery calcium score | ||||
| Calcium score: 1–99 vs. 0 | 1.15 (0.96–1.38) | 0.13 | 1.33 (1–1.76) | 0.05 |
| Calcium score: 100–399 vs. 0 | 1.32 (1.12–1.55) | 0.001 | 1.69 (1.28–2.25) | 0.0003 |
| Calcium score: ≥400 vs. 0 | 1.67 (1.45–1.93) | <0.0001 | 2.08 (1.58–2.75) | <0.0001 |
| Rest LVEF (per 10% increase) | 0.84 (0.8–0.88) | <0.0001 | 0.9 (0.85–0.96) | 0.001 |
| Stress LVEF (per 10% increase) | 0.97 (0.94–1.01) | 0.12 | 0.94 (0.9–0.98) | 0.002 |
| Percent ischaemic myocardium (per 5% increase) | 0.99 (0.96–1.03) | 0.59 | 1 (0.95–1.05) | 0.95 |
| Percent scarred myocardium (per 1% increase) | 1.01 (1–1.01) | 0.01 | 1.01 (1–1.02) | 0.08 |
| Myocardial blood flow reserve (per 0.1 decrease) | 1.09 (1.08–1.10) | <0.0001 | 1.03 (1.01–1.05) | <0.0001 |
All variables have been included in the Cox proportional hazards analysis.
CVD, cardiovascular disease; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MI, myocardial infarction; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention.