Table 1.

Summary of results for the application of telemedicine in different medical examinations/tests.

Area of Application	Medical Examination/Test	Purpose of Application	Outcome	Reference(s)
Telecardiology	Electrocardiogram (ECG)	For tele-transmission and teleconsultation in the management of remote patients with heart failure Telemonitoring and postoperative screening of patients with cardiovascular cases Prevention screening	✓Reduction of costs for diagnosis; ✓Accurate in detecting an episode of atrial fibrillation (93%) and examination (94%). ✓Effective remote patient monitoring, including early diagnosis and postoperative screening.	Molinari G. et al. [33] Inglis S.C. et al. [34] Lin C.T. et al. [35] Ong M.K. et al. [36] Herrin J. et al. [37] Majumder S. et al. [38] Sohn S. et al. [39] De Lazzari C. et al. [40] De Lazzari C. et al. [41] Lupi, L. et al. [42]
Telespirometry	Spirometric test	Respiratory function test For early diagnosis and management of patients with COPD, asthma	✓Effective by diagnosing and rule out pathologies, detecting pulmonary abnormalities. ✓Successful self-management of clinical parameters of patients at home. ✓Effective in managing patients with COPD and asthma (97.32% diagnosing accuracy).	Kim et al. [43] Zealand N. [44] Molina-bastos C.G. et al. [45] Averame G. et al. [46] Toledo P.D. et al. [47] Owens M. et al. [48] Jouneau S. et al. [49] Vitacca M. et al. [50] Ohberg F. et al. [51] Kupczyk M. et al. [52] Redlich C.A. et al. [53] Stout J.W. et al. [54] Fung A.G. et al. [55]
Tele-diabetology	Blood glucose monitoring	Remote glycemic self-monitoring. Telenursing, personal medical records, and tele-transmission.	✓Effective in diagnosis, treatment, self-glycemic monitoring, and follow up.	Bruttomesso D. et al. [56] Rodriguez-Gutierrez R. et al. [57]
Telenephrology	Urinalysis	Diagnosis and monitoring of the subject’s nephrological and urological conditions. Prevention screening.	✓Reduction of time of sample analysis and procedures in laboratories. ✓Effective, precise, accurate, and usable by non-medical personnel. ✓Successful in analyzing various tests, including glucose, proteins, bilirubin, ketones, nitrites, pH, specific gravity, erythrocytes, and leukocytes. ✓The device is efficient and inexpensive.	Hannemann-Pohl K. et al. [58] Langlois M.R. et al. [59] Mohammadi S. et al. [60] Ginardi R.V.H. et al. [61] Lee D.S. et al. [62] Soldat D.J. et al. [63] Montangero M [64]