Table 4.
Baseline characteristics of participants in China National Human Biomonitoring.
| Characteristics | Aged 3–5 | Aged 6–11 | Aged 12–18 | Aged 19–39 | Aged 40–59 | Aged 60–79 | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of participants | 3618 | 3616 | 3609 | 3631 | 3637 | 3635 | 21,746 |
| Age | 4.1 ± 0.8 | 8.5 ± 1.7 | 14.5 ± 1.9 | 31.1 ± 5.5 | 49.4 ± 5.5 | 66.6 ± 5.1 | 29.1 ± 23.0 |
| Gender | |||||||
| Female | 1812 (50.1) | 1804 (49.9) | 1803 (50.0) | 1818 (50.1) | 1825 (50.2) | 1821 (50.1) | 10,883 (50.0) |
| Male | 1806 (49.9) | 1812 (50.1) | 1806 (50.0) | 1813 (49.9) | 1812 (49.8) | 1814 (49.9) | 10,863 (50.0) |
| Districts | |||||||
| Northern | 520 (14.4) | 511 (14.1) | 510 (14.1) | 524 (14.4) | 528 (14.5) | 529 (14.6) | 3122 (14.4) |
| Northeastern | 336 (9.3) | 336 (9.3) | 334 (9.3) | 336 (9.3) | 337 (9.3) | 335 (9.2) | 2014 (9.3) |
| Eastern | 985 (27.2) | 983 (27.2) | 986 (27.3) | 980 (27.0) | 986 (27.1) | 984 (27.1) | 5904 (27.1) |
| Central south | 823 (22.7) | 827 (22.9) | 819 (22.7) | 825 (22.7) | 825 (22.7) | 824 (22.7) | 4943 (22.7) |
| Southwest | 545 (15.1) | 552 (15.3) | 553 (15.3) | 557 (15.3) | 552 (15.2) | 555 (15.3) | 3314 (15.2) |
| Northwestern | 409 (11.3) | 407 (11.3) | 407 (11.3) | 409 (11.3) | 409 (11.2) | 408 (11.2) | 2449 (11.3) |
| Nationality | |||||||
| Han | 3059 (84.5) | 3062 (84.7) | 3135 (86.9) | 3135 (86.3) | 3202 (88.0) | 3201 (88.1) | 18,794 (86.4) |
| Tibet | 83 (2.3) | 94 (2.6) | 90 (2.5) | 97 (2.7) | 91 (2.5) | 96 (2.6) | 551 (2.5) |
| Zhuang | 65 (1.8) | 71 (2.0) | 72 (2.0) | 64 (1.8) | 63 (1.7) | 57 (1.6) | 392 (1.8) |
| Mongolia | 69 (1.9) | 64 (1.8) | 63 (1.7) | 58 (1.6) | 45 (1.2) | 41 (1.1) | 340 (1.6) |
| Hui | 54 (1.5) | 51 (1.4) | 38 (1.1) | 42 (1.2) | 39 (1.1) | 55 (1.5) | 279 (1.3) |
| Man | 55 (1.5) | 44 (1.2) | 33 (0.9) | 45 (1.2) | 41 (1.1) | 31 (0.9) | 249 (1.1) |
| Li | 35 (1.0) | 31 (0.9) | 30 (0.8) | 31 (0.9) | 28 (0.8) | 25 (0.7) | 180 (0.8) |
| Uyghur | 29 (0.8) | 25 (0.7) | 25 (0.7) | 22 (0.6) | 18 (0.5) | 19 (0.5) | 138 (0.6) |
| Dong | 23 (0.6) | 27 (0.7) | 25 (0.7) | 20 (0.6) | 21 (0.6) | 22 (0.6) | 138 (0.6) |
| Other | 146 (4.0) | 147 (4.1) | 98 (2.7) | 117 (3.2) | 89 (2.4) | 88 (2.4) | 685 (3.2) |
| Residence | |||||||
| Rural | 1634 (45.2) | 1638 (45.3) | 1637 (45.4) | 1643 (45.2) | 1644 (45.2) | 1641 (45.1) | 9837 (45.2) |
| Urban | 1984 (54.8) | 1978 (54.7) | 1972 (54.6) | 1988 (54.8) | 1993 (54.8) | 1994 (54.9) | 11,909 (54.8) |
| Education | |||||||
| Illiterate | 74 (2.0) | 264 (7.3) | 784 (21.6) | 1122(10.3) | |||
| <6 years | – | – | – | 96 (2.6) | 345 (9.5) | 630 (17.3) | 1071(9.8) |
| 6 years | – | – | – | 254 (7.0) | 568 (15.6) | 693 (19.1) | 1515(13.9) |
| 7–9 years | – | – | – | 1143 (31.5) | 1260 (34.6) | 910 (25.0) | 3313(30.4) |
| 10–12 years | – | – | – | 834 (23.0) | 768 (21.1) | 448 (12.3) | 2050(18.8) |
| ≥13 years | – | – | – | 1210 (33.3) | 424 (11.7) | 156 (4.3) | 1790(16.4) |
| Missing | – | – | – | 20 (0.6) | 8 (0.2) | 14 (0.4) | 42(0.4) |
| Occupation | |||||||
| Primary industry | – | – | – | 462 (12.7) | 883 (24.3) | 890 (24.5) | 2235(20.5) |
| Secondary industry | – | – | – | 580 (16.0) | 475 (13.1) | 81 (2.2) | 1136(10.4) |
| Tertiary Industry | – | – | – | 2555 (70.4) | 2255 (62.0) | 2623 (72.2) | 7433(68.2) |
| Missing | – | – | – | 34 (0.9) | 23 (0.6) | 41 (1.1) | 98(0.9) |
| Smoking | |||||||
| Smoker | – | – | 137 (3.8) | 1057 (29.1) | 1104 (30.4) | 1002 (27.6) | 3300(22.7) |
| Non-Smoker | – | – | 3424 (94.9) | 2555 (70.4) | 2517 (69.2) | 2617 (72.0) | 11113(76.6) |
| Missing | – | – | 48 (1.3) | 19 (0.5) | 16 (0.4) | 16 (0.4) | 99(0.7) |
| Drinking | |||||||
| Alcohol drinker | – | – | 638 (17.7) | 1841 (50.7) | 1629 (44.8) | 1220 (33.6) | 3545(24.4) |
| Non-drinker | – | – | 2928 (81.1) | 1769 (48.7) | 1998 (54.9) | 2396 (65.9) | 10461(72.1) |
| Missing | – | – | 43 (1.2) | 21 (0.6) | 10 (0.3) | 19 (0.5) | 506(3.5) |
| Sea fish | |||||||
| Never | 1769 (48.9) | 1735 (48.0) | 1879 (52.1) | 1698 (46.8) | 1678 (46.1) | 1870 (51.4) | 10,629 (48.9) |
| <once per week | 637 (17.6) | 743 (20.5) | 685 (19.0) | 774 (21.3) | 849 (23.3) | 771 (21.2) | 4459 (20.5) |
| once per week | 396 (10.9) | 386 (10.7) | 337 (9.3) | 354 (9.7) | 324 (8.9) | 279 (7.7) | 2076 (9.5) |
| Twice per week | 218 (6.0) | 182 (5.0) | 163 (4.5) | 192 (5.3) | 159 (4.4) | 137 (3.8) | 1051 (4.8) |
| 3 time per week | 77 (2.1) | 76 (2.1) | 71 (2.0) | 83 (2.3) | 82 (2.3) | 58 (1.6) | 447 (2.1) |
| ≥4 time per week | 136 (3.8) | 119 (3.3) | 103 (2.9) | 173 (4.8) | 170 (4.7) | 148 (4.1) | 849 (3.9) |
| Missing | 385 (10.6) | 375 (10.4) | 371 (10.3) | 357 (9.8) | 375 (10.3) | 372 (10.2) | 2235 (10.3) |
| Seashell | |||||||
| Never | 2453 (67.8) | 2374 (65.7) | 2435 (67.5) | 2268 (62.5) | 2401 (66.0) | 2753 (75.7) | 14,684 (67.5) |
| <once per week | 489 (13.5) | 612 (16.9) | 575 (15.9) | 618 (17.0) | 551 (15.1) | 365 (10.0) | 3210 (14.8) |
| once per week | 157 (4.3) | 155 (4.3) | 129 (3.6) | 177 (4.9) | 145 (4.0) | 69 (1.9) | 832 (3.8) |
| Twice per week | 66 (1.8) | 65 (1.8) | 71 (2.0) | 92 (2.5) | 71 (2.0) | 47 (1.3) | 412 (1.9) |
| ≥ 3 time per week | 51 (1.4) | 46 (1.3) | 52 (1.4) | 82 (2.3) | 63 (1.7) | 52 (1.4) | 346 (1.6) |
| Missing | 402 (11.1) | 364 (10.1) | 347 (9.6) | 394 (10.9) | 406 (11.2) | 349 (9.6) | 2262 (10.4) |
| Height (cm) | |||||||
| Female | 107.4 ± 9.5 | 135.0 ± 13.5 | 158.1 ± 8.6 | 158.8 ± 6.2 | 156.6 ± 7.0 | 153.0 ± 7.3 | 144.9 ± 20.6 |
| Male | 108.8 ± 9.4 | 134.4 ± 12.9 | 165.5 ± 11.7 | 170.9 ± 7.4 | 167.9 ± 7.1 | 164.8 ± 6.9 | 152.1 ± 24.7 |
| Weight (kg) | |||||||
| Female | 27.5 ± 24.7 | 32.3 ± 10.6 | 51.2 ± 11.4 | 58.5 ± 10.6 | 60.1 ± 10.2 | 58.0 ± 10.3 | 51.0 ± 16.3 |
| Male | 26.2 ± 20.4 | 32.8 ± 11.5 | 56.8 ± 16.1 | 71.7 ± 13.7 | 70.7 ± 11.4 | 65.5 ± 11.3 | 57.5 ± 21.1 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 15.8 ± 2.4 | 17.1 ± 3.4 | 20.4 ± 4.0 | 23.9 ± 4.1 | 24.7 ± 3.5 | 24.5 ± 3.6 | 21.1 ± 5.0 |
| Hypertension | |||||||
| With hypertension | – | – | 135 (3.7) | 461 (12.7) | 1121 (30.8) | 1828 (50.3) | 3545(24.4) |
| Without hypertension | – | – | 3222 (89.3) | 3089 (85.1) | 2430 (66.8) | 1720 (47.3) | 10461(72.1) |
| Missing | – | – | 252 (7.0) | 81 (2.2) | 86 (2.4) | 87 (2.4) | 506(3.5) |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | – | – | 110.3 ± 13.1 | 118.4 ± 15.2 | 129.1 ± 19.2 | 141.7 ± 21.9 | 125.1 ± 21.3 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | – | – | 68.4 ± 9.5 | 75.9 ± 11.6 | 81.5 ± 12.2 | 82.1 ± 12.6 | 77.1 ± 12.8 |
| Red blood cell (109/L) | 4.7 ± 0.5 | 4.8 ± 0.6 | 4.9 ± 0.6 | 4.9 ± 0.7 | 4.8 ± 0.7 | 4.7 ± 0.6 | 4.8 ± 0.6 |
| Hemoglobin (g/L) | 129.1 ± 13.0 | 134.4 ± 13.7 | 142.6 ± 17.6 | 146.0 ± 20.7 | 144.6 ± 20.2 | 143.4 ± 18.7 | 140.0 ± 18.6 |
| Creatinine (mmol/L) | 46.3 ± 19.6 | 52.6 ± 18.1 | 65.3 ± 18.6 | 71.5 ± 20.1 | 72.1 ± 20.4 | 74.8 ± 21.5 | 63.9 ± 22.5 |
| Uric acid (mmol/L) | 267.1 ± 68.6 | 284.8 ± 74.2 | 337.9 ± 96.4 | 316.3 ± 98.9 | 306.1 ± 94.7 | 310.5 ± 91.6 | 303.9 ± 91.1 |
| Blood urea nitrogen (mmol/L) | 4.3 ± 1.7 | 4.4 ± 1.5 | 4.5 ± 2.1 | 4.8 ± 1.6 | 5.3 ± 1.9 | 5.8 ± 2.1 | 4.9 ± 1.9 |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 4.5 ± 0.7 | 4.8 ± 0.7 | 4.8 ± 0.6 | 5.0 ± 1.1 | 5.4 ± 1.5 | 5.8 ± 1.8 | 5.1 ± 1.3 |