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. 2021 Jan 14;13(1):219. doi: 10.3390/nu13010219

Table 2.

Patient characteristics stratified by comorbidity burden.

Characteristics Total Population
(n = 91)
No Comorbidities (n = 9) One Comorbidity
(n = 32)
Two Comorbidities (n = 24) ≥3
Comorbidities
(n = 26)
p-Value
General
Age (years) 74 ± 13 63 ± 13 73 ± 14 77 ± 10 75 ± 12 0.021
Male gender, n (%) 50 (55) 7 (78) 17 (53) 12 (50) 14 (54) 0.416
Current smokers, n (%) 21 (23) 4 (44) 6 (19) 2 (8) 9 (35) 0.892
BMI (kg/m2) 26.6 ± 4.2 27.5 ± 2.7 26.6 ± 5.1 27.4 ± 4.0 25.6 ± 4.0 0.284
Major comorbidities, n (%)
Cardiovascular disease 72 (79) 0 (0) 26 (81) 21 (88) 25 (96) <0.001
COPD 17 (19) 0 (0) 0 (0) 8 (33) 9 (35) <0.001
CKD 13 (14) 0 (0) 0 (0) 3 (13) 10 (39) <0.001
Active cancer 11 (12) 0 (0) 1 (3) 2 (8) 8 (31) 0.001
Diabetes mellitus 30 (33) 0 (0) 4 (13) 9 (38) 17 (65) <0.001
Hematological diseases 8 (9) 0 (0) 1 (3) 1 (4) 6 (23) 0.008
Endocrine diseases 14 (15) 0 (0) 0 (0) 4 (17) 10 (39) <0.001
Respiratory function/laboratory
PaO2/FiO2 mmHg ratio 280 (188–336) 323 (269–381) 295 (191–338) 277 (194–349) 214 (163–304) 0.067
PaO2 (mmHg) 71 (65–81) 79 (76–114) 73 (63–82) 70 (63–78) 66 (63–77) 0.062
O2 saturation (%) 96 (95–98) 98 (96–99) 96 (95–98) 96 (94–97) 97 (92–98) 0.612
25(OH) vitamin D (nmol/L) 35 (16–60) 49 (38–59) 24 (14–59) 32 (15–70) 36 (17–54) 0.417
Creatinine (µmol/L) 88 (69–115) 72 (65–95) 94 (77–116) 86 (73–116) 80 (64–127) 0.862
Procalcitonin (µg/L) 0.25 (0.08–0.52) 0.17 (0.10–0.96) 0.25 (0.07–0.64) 0.26 (0.08–0.41) 0.27 (0.10–1.20) 0.851
D-dimer (µg/L) 610 (207–1264) 234 (155–699) 544 (177–963) 544 (243–1029) 1165 (513–2314) 0.001
LDH (U/L) 365 (240–484) 239 (217–382) 372 (269–483) 316 (250–483) 391 (227–559) 0.134
Calcium (mmol/L) 2.14 (2.07–2.21) 2.14 (1.97–2.19) 2.15 (2.07–2.24) 2.14 (2.08–2.19) 2.12 (2.00–2.22) 0.166
Phosphate (mmol/L) 0.95 (0.78–1.13) 0.79 (0.58–0.97) 0.95 (0.78–1.13) 0.97 (0.92–1.24) 0.90 (0.65–1.16) 0.307
CRP (mg/L) 64 (30–133) 54 (33–125) 86 (40–193) 62 (23–145) 56 (23–87) 0.134
Current treatment, n (%)
Hydroxychloroquine 68 (75) 7 (78) 22 (69) 19 (79) 20 (77) 0.636
Azithromycin 70 (77) 6 (67) 26 (81) 20 (83) 18 (69) 0.698
Glucocorticoids 41(45) 2 (22) 13 (41) 13 (54) 13 (50) 0.146
Tocilizumab 13 (14) 0 (0) 2 (6) 4 (17) 7 (27) 0.011
Lopinavir/ritonavir 30 (33) 3 (33) 7 (22) 7 (29) 13 (50) 0.074
Other antibiotics 71 (78) 7 (78) 25 (78) 19 (79) 20 (77) 0.944
Cholecalciferol 36 (40) 2 (22) 9 (28) 10 (42) 15 (58) 0.013

Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation, median and interquartile range, or absolute number and percentage, as appropriate. BMI = body mass index, CKD = chronic kidney disease, COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CRP = C-reactive protein, LDH = lactose dehydrogenase, PaO2/FiO2 = partial pressure of oxygen/fraction inspired oxygen. The p-values in bold text denote statistically significant differences among specific variables between groups of patients according to comorbidity burden. Normal laboratory ranges can be found at the following link: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2172316-overview.