Table 2.
Patient characteristics stratified by comorbidity burden.
| Characteristics | Total Population (n = 91) |
No Comorbidities (n = 9) | One Comorbidity (n = 32) |
Two Comorbidities (n = 24) | ≥3 Comorbidities (n = 26) |
p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| General | ||||||
| Age (years) | 74 ± 13 | 63 ± 13 | 73 ± 14 | 77 ± 10 | 75 ± 12 | 0.021 |
| Male gender, n (%) | 50 (55) | 7 (78) | 17 (53) | 12 (50) | 14 (54) | 0.416 |
| Current smokers, n (%) | 21 (23) | 4 (44) | 6 (19) | 2 (8) | 9 (35) | 0.892 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.6 ± 4.2 | 27.5 ± 2.7 | 26.6 ± 5.1 | 27.4 ± 4.0 | 25.6 ± 4.0 | 0.284 |
| Major comorbidities, n (%) | ||||||
| Cardiovascular disease | 72 (79) | 0 (0) | 26 (81) | 21 (88) | 25 (96) | <0.001 |
| COPD | 17 (19) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 8 (33) | 9 (35) | <0.001 |
| CKD | 13 (14) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 (13) | 10 (39) | <0.001 |
| Active cancer | 11 (12) | 0 (0) | 1 (3) | 2 (8) | 8 (31) | 0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 30 (33) | 0 (0) | 4 (13) | 9 (38) | 17 (65) | <0.001 |
| Hematological diseases | 8 (9) | 0 (0) | 1 (3) | 1 (4) | 6 (23) | 0.008 |
| Endocrine diseases | 14 (15) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 4 (17) | 10 (39) | <0.001 |
| Respiratory function/laboratory | ||||||
| PaO2/FiO2 mmHg ratio | 280 (188–336) | 323 (269–381) | 295 (191–338) | 277 (194–349) | 214 (163–304) | 0.067 |
| PaO2 (mmHg) | 71 (65–81) | 79 (76–114) | 73 (63–82) | 70 (63–78) | 66 (63–77) | 0.062 |
| O2 saturation (%) | 96 (95–98) | 98 (96–99) | 96 (95–98) | 96 (94–97) | 97 (92–98) | 0.612 |
| 25(OH) vitamin D (nmol/L) | 35 (16–60) | 49 (38–59) | 24 (14–59) | 32 (15–70) | 36 (17–54) | 0.417 |
| Creatinine (µmol/L) | 88 (69–115) | 72 (65–95) | 94 (77–116) | 86 (73–116) | 80 (64–127) | 0.862 |
| Procalcitonin (µg/L) | 0.25 (0.08–0.52) | 0.17 (0.10–0.96) | 0.25 (0.07–0.64) | 0.26 (0.08–0.41) | 0.27 (0.10–1.20) | 0.851 |
| D-dimer (µg/L) | 610 (207–1264) | 234 (155–699) | 544 (177–963) | 544 (243–1029) | 1165 (513–2314) | 0.001 |
| LDH (U/L) | 365 (240–484) | 239 (217–382) | 372 (269–483) | 316 (250–483) | 391 (227–559) | 0.134 |
| Calcium (mmol/L) | 2.14 (2.07–2.21) | 2.14 (1.97–2.19) | 2.15 (2.07–2.24) | 2.14 (2.08–2.19) | 2.12 (2.00–2.22) | 0.166 |
| Phosphate (mmol/L) | 0.95 (0.78–1.13) | 0.79 (0.58–0.97) | 0.95 (0.78–1.13) | 0.97 (0.92–1.24) | 0.90 (0.65–1.16) | 0.307 |
| CRP (mg/L) | 64 (30–133) | 54 (33–125) | 86 (40–193) | 62 (23–145) | 56 (23–87) | 0.134 |
| Current treatment, n (%) | ||||||
| Hydroxychloroquine | 68 (75) | 7 (78) | 22 (69) | 19 (79) | 20 (77) | 0.636 |
| Azithromycin | 70 (77) | 6 (67) | 26 (81) | 20 (83) | 18 (69) | 0.698 |
| Glucocorticoids | 41(45) | 2 (22) | 13 (41) | 13 (54) | 13 (50) | 0.146 |
| Tocilizumab | 13 (14) | 0 (0) | 2 (6) | 4 (17) | 7 (27) | 0.011 |
| Lopinavir/ritonavir | 30 (33) | 3 (33) | 7 (22) | 7 (29) | 13 (50) | 0.074 |
| Other antibiotics | 71 (78) | 7 (78) | 25 (78) | 19 (79) | 20 (77) | 0.944 |
| Cholecalciferol | 36 (40) | 2 (22) | 9 (28) | 10 (42) | 15 (58) | 0.013 |
Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation, median and interquartile range, or absolute number and percentage, as appropriate. BMI = body mass index, CKD = chronic kidney disease, COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CRP = C-reactive protein, LDH = lactose dehydrogenase, PaO2/FiO2 = partial pressure of oxygen/fraction inspired oxygen. The p-values in bold text denote statistically significant differences among specific variables between groups of patients according to comorbidity burden. Normal laboratory ranges can be found at the following link: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2172316-overview.