Figure 1.

Effects of blueberry (BB) supplementation on brain dysfunction in in vitro and animal models. BBs can reduce the activation of microglial cells and decrease the release of ROS and/or nitric oxide species produced by inflammatory responses induced by reagents in in vitro studies. Meanwhile, BBs also demonstrate their neuroprotective effects in high-fat diet/ageing/neurodegenerative disease animal models against inflammatory responses regulated by peripheral pro-inflammatory molecules (fatty acids, cytokines, chemokines, danger signals), which can signal the immune cells of the brain (mainly represented by microglia) to release pro-inflammatory molecules such as interleukin-1beta (IL1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα).