Table 3.

Clinical trials on the effects of blueberry consumption on brain health.

Consumption Type	Quantity (Daily Intake)	Equivalent Anthocyanins (ACNs)	Age Group	Number of Participants	Effects	Reference
Extract vs. powder (encapsulated in transparent capsules)	Extract: 100 mg Powder: 500 or 1000 mg	7 mg 1.35 or 2.7 mg	65–80	122	3-month intervention: extract facilitated better episodic memory performance (improved cardiovascular function over 6 months)	[67]
Concentrate (30 mL, diluted to 240 mL with water)	230 g	387 mg	65–77	26	12-week ingestion: improved cognitive function and working memory	[68]
Powder (whole frozen BBs freeze-dried and powdered to 20 mesh/consumed with morning and evening meals)	25 g (12.5 g per packet, twice a day)	269 mg	62–80	94	24-week intervention: cognitive enhancement	[69]
Powder (freeze-dried/mixed with 30 mL of low-energy fruit squash, Rocks® UK and 170 mL of water)	15 or 30 g (equivalent to ~ 120 or 240 g fresh BBs)	127 or 253 mg	7–10	24	30 g dose showed the better effect. Consumption improved cognitive performance and immediate recall 1.15 h following the intervention; improved word recognition and accuracy on cognitively demanding incongruent trials in the interference task 3 h following the intervention; improved epi- sodic memory at 75 min and executive function 3 h post-consumption.	[71,72,73]
Juice	Individuals 54–64 kg: 444 mL/day; 65–76 kg: 532 mL/day; 77–91 kg: 621 mL/day	0.428 g 0.512 g 0.598 g	76.2 ± 5.2	9	Moderate-term BB supplementation provided a preventive effect on neurocognitive function.	[74]
Fruit (frozen BBs)	~0.46 kg (2 cups daily)	N/A	61–81	20	6-week consumption: Positive impacts on age-related declines in functional mobility.	[75]
Freeze-dried BBs	24 g	N/A	60–75	40	3-month intervention: improved cognitive function (significantly fewer repetition errors in verbal learning tests and reduced switching costs on a task-switching test) without improvement in gait or balance.	[76]