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. 2021 Jan 25;12(4):735–757. doi: 10.1007/s13346-020-00891-5

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Nasal cavity of humans (left) and rodents (right), showing the different regions within the nose. Starting with the squamous mucosa (SM) right at the nostril openings. The respiratory epithelium (RE) covers the main part of the nasal cavity in humans. Humans have three turbinates (T), the inferior turbinate, the middle turbinate as a part of the RE and the superior turbinate in the olfactory epithelium (OE). Rodents have the maxilloturbinates and nasoturbinates in the RE and the ethmoturbinates in the OE. The olfactory bulb (OB) is in close proximity to the cribriform plate and connected to the OE via the axons of the sensory neurons projecting towards the brain. The rodent nasal cavity further has a predominant vomeronasal organ (VNO) which also takes part in the olfaction of specific compounds