TABLE 2.

Genome-wide prediction abilities of flowering time (FT), plant height (PH), and thousand grain weight (TGW) obtained by applying five-fold cross validation to the entire set of phenotyped winter barley accessions modeling the row type as covariate (RT).

Trait	Method	All	2-Rowed	6-Rowed	Intermedium
FT	RT-covariatea	0.717 (0.004)	0.701 (0.007)	0.703 (0.005)	0.593 (0.032)
	RT-ignoredb	0.720 (0.004)	0.702 (0.007)	0.703 (0.005)	0.614 (0.030)
	RT-withinc	n.a.	0.691 (0.013)	0.701 (0.007)	0.450 (0.052)
PH	RT-covariate	0.829 (0.002)	0.797 (0.004)	0.829 (0.003)	0.777 (0.008)
	RT-ignored	0.828 (0.002)	0.798 (0.004)	0.829 (0.003)	0.782 (0.008)
	RT-within	n.a.	0.785 (0.005)	0.830 (0.002)	0.713 (0.021)
TGW	RT-covariate	0.860 (0.002)	0.632 (0.013)	0.859 (0.002)	0.775 (0.018)
	RT-ignored	0.853 (0.002)	0.556 (0.014)	0.854 (0.002)	0.813 (0.012)
	RT-within	n.a.	0.610 (0.012)	0.860 (0.002)	0.741 (0.025)

^aRow type was treated as a covariate (fixed effect). ^bRow type was not considered in the model. ^cWith-in row type prediction, results were extracted from Table 1 for comparison. For each row type subpopulation, the prediction ability was compared with the result obtained in the within-subpopulation prediction. The standard deviations of the prediction abilities were presented in brackets.